Trafficking

Citation:

Haynes, Dina Francesca. 2004. "Used, Abused, Arrested and Deported: The Case for Extending Immigration Benefits to Protect Victims of Trafficking and Secure Prosecution of Traffickers." Human Rights Quarterly 26 (2): 221-72.

Author: Dina Francesca Haynes

Abstract:

Organized crime rings exploit 700,000 to 4 million new victims of human trafficking each year, typically luring them across borders where they are more vulnerable to abuse. Trafficking in Southeastern Europe is a relatively new phenomenon, fueled by the dissolution of the former Soviet Union, as well as the presence of international peacekeepers who have sometimes exacerbated the problem. The two main anti-trafficking models emphasize the prosecution of the trafficker or the protection of the victim, but neither adequately addresses immigration options that could serve to protect the victim and provide better evidence with which to prosecute the traffickers for their crimes.

Topics: Gender, Trafficking, Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking Regions: Europe, Balkans Countries: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia

Year: 2004

Citation:

Ghosh, Biswajit. 2009. "Trafficking in Women and Children in India: Nature, Dimensions and Strategies for Prevention." The International Journal of Human Rights 13 (5): 716-38.

Author: Biswajit Ghosh

Abstract:

Trafficking in women and children is one of the worst abuses of human rights. But it is very difficult to estimate the scale of the phenomenon as trafficking is closely related to child labour, bonded labour, child marriage, kidnapping and abduction and prostitution even though these phenomena can exist also independent of trafficking. This paper has attempted to analyse the nature, causes, modes and volume of trafficking in a country that has recently become a soft target in the South Asian region for trafficking in persons. India has failed to comply with certain international standards to combat the crime. The paper highlights the need to develop a multidimensional approach and focuses attention on structural factors of trafficking for recommending meaningful stratagems to counter the social evil.

Keywords: accountability, governance, military sexual assault, human trafficking, human rights, child labor, prostitution

Annotation:

In giving examples of the various causes of human trafficking in India, this essay notes that the demand for young girls has increased in Jammu and Kashmir due to the increasing concentration of military personnel in these areas.

Topics: Gender, Women, Girls, Boys, Rights, Human Rights, Trafficking, Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking Regions: Asia, South Asia Countries: India

Year: 2009

Citation:

Getu, Makonen. 2006. "Human Trafficking and Development: The Role of Microfinance." Transformation 23 (3): 142-56.

Author: Makonen Getu

Keywords: economics, Africa, microfinance, human trafficking, armed conflict

Annotation:

• Getu argues for the use of microfinance in combating human trafficking, as “the overwhelming majority of the employment and income opportunities it offers go primarily to women who constitute 70-80% of trafficked persons” (155).
• In setting up his argument, Getu outlines the main causes of human trafficking, including armed conflict. In this brief section, he focuses primarily on Africa where there has been a widespread recruitment of child soldiers due to the large amount of armed conflicts in Sub-Sarahan Africa.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Combatants, Child Soldiers, Development, Economies, Humanitarian Assistance, Livelihoods, Militarized Livelihoods, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Trafficking, Human Trafficking Regions: Africa

Year: 2006

Citation:

Friman, H. Richard, and Simon Reich, eds. 2007. Human Trafficking, Human Security and the Balkans. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 

Authors: H. Richard Friman, Simon Reich

Abstract:

In the aftermath of four Yugoslav wars, ongoing efforts at reconstruction in South Eastern Europe have devoted relatively limited attention to dimensions of human security that enhance protections for the region's most vulnerable populations in their daily lives. It is in this context that South Eastern Europe, and especially the Western Balkan region, has emerged as a nexus point in human trafficking.

Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans brings together leading scholars, NGO representatives, and government officials to analyze and offer solutions to this challenge. The contributors explore the economic dynamics of human trafficking in an era of globalization, which has greatly facilitated not only the flow of goods and services but also the trade in human beings. They also examine the effectiveness of international and transnational policies and practice, the impact of peacekeeping forces, and the emergence of national and regional action plans in the Western Balkans and, more broadly, in South Eastern Europe. Finally, they consider the nature and ramifications of the gap between human security rhetoric and institutional policy steps against human trafficking. 

Keywords: ethnic conflict, shadow economies, human trafficking, security

Topics: Democracy / Democratization, Economies, Governance, Post-Conflict Governance, International Law, Justice, Security, Human Security, Trafficking, Human Trafficking Regions: Europe, Balkans, Eastern Europe

Year: 2007

Citation:

Fitzgibbon, Kathleen. 2003. "Modern-Day Slavery? The Scope of Trafficking in Persons in Africa." African Security Studies 12 (1): 81-9.

Author: Kathleen Fitzgibbon

Abstract:

Hundreds of thousands of African men, women and children are being forced into situations of labour and sexual exploitation both on the continent and abroad every year. Internationally, trafficking in persons has been identified as a serious threat to human security and development by governments, pressure groups and the UN. But for many African governments, the problem has only recently been acknowledged. This article, the first in a two-part series on the issue, outlines the types and extent of trafficking in Africa, with a focus on West and Central Africa. Contributing factors, in particular the high profit margins and low risk of arrest and conviction, are reviewed as well as the impact on human rights, public health, community and family development and the growth of organized crime. The second article in the series will consider successful strategies and international programmes, with a focus on the lessons learned for Africa from West Africa. 

Keywords: child soldiers, conflict, internally displaced people, Africa, sexual exploitation, human trafficking, organized crime

Annotation:

• Fitzgibbon makes note that civil unrest and internal armed conflict are often to blame for human trafficking in Africa, as populations grow increasingly vulnerable to exploitation, abuse, and trafficking when they are destabilized and displaced. She points to such examples as the Sudanese civil war, the Lord’s Resistance Army, and civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, Burundi, Rwanda, Congo-Brazzaville, the DRC, Uganda, Somalia, and Sudan, all of which involve the abduction of men, women, and children for combat, forced labor, and/or sexual exploitation.   

Topics: Armed Conflict, Development, Gender, Women, Men, Girls, Boys, Livelihoods, Sexual Livelihoods, Rights, Human Rights, Security, Sexual Violence, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, Sexual Slavery, Trafficking, Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking Regions: Africa, Central Africa, West Africa

Year: 2003

Citation:

Cheng, Sea-Ling. 2002. Transnational Desires: Trafficked Filipinas in US Military Camp Towns in South Korea. PhD diss., University of Oxford.

Author: Sea-Ling Cheng

Topics: Gender, Women, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militaries, Trafficking, Sex Trafficking Regions: Americas, North America, Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia Countries: Philippines, South Korea, United States of America

Year: 2002

Citation:

Ballesteros, Alvaro. 2007. "Trafficking in Human Beings and International Peacekeeping Missions: The 2004 NATO THB Policy." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 6 (3): 121-39.

Author: Alvaro Ballesteros

Abstract:

This essay aims at analyzing the efforts of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to fight human trafficking, to prevent NATO personnel from becoming clients fueling the THB operations run by organized crime groups, and to implement the 2004 NATO Policy of “Zero Tolerance” regarding THB. In order to do so, this paper will try to present a clear definition of what the problem is, and to explain the repercussions and links between THB and international peacekeeping operations; the allegations and cases affecting the UN and NATO, with the consequent damage to both institutions’ reputations; the development and content of the 2004 NATO Policy against THB; and the efforts to implement this policy. Finally, the essay will offer some recommendations for future steps.

In offering this analysis, I hope to support the North Atlantic Alliance’s efforts to fight THB in a comprehensive and successful way, making NATO the example for institutionalized programmatic efforts against THB proliferation and troop-involvement prevention. This research also tries to provide an in-depth review of the 2004 NATO Policy against THB, including an evaluation of the policy implementation process from the approval of the policy in the summer of 2004 to the summer of 2007. 

Keywords: military sexual assault, human trafficking, NATO, United Nations, THB operations, peacekeeping operations

Topics: International Law, International Organizations, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Peacekeeping, Trafficking, Human Trafficking

Year: 2007

Citation:

Bales, Kevin. 2007. "What Predicts Human Trafficking?" International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 31 (2): 269-79.

Author: Kevin Bales

Abstract:

If the international community has achieved agreement on the definition of human trafficking, we still have only a partial understanding of what drives it. We know that poverty and vulnerability represent ‘push-factors’ and that employment opportunity presents an important ‘pull-factor.’ But which of these factors is the most important? The regression analysis of 76 variables undertaken here confirms that corruption, poverty, conflict, and the ‘pull’ factor of opportunity are all significant predictors of trafficking. Some of the most obvious strategies for slowing trafficking, on the basis of this analysis, would include those activities known to reduce ‘push’ factors, such as measures to reduce governmental corruption in both origin and destination countries, population control measures, especially poverty reduction, and tackling international inequalities in wealth. International financial institutions should give incentives to programmes for land reform, education and training, and health care, rather than promulgate ‘austerity’ requirements that undermine such programmes.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Trafficking, Human Trafficking

Year: 2007

Citation:

Allred, Keith J. 2006. "Peacekeepers and Prostitutes: How Deployed Forces Fuel the Demand for Trafficked Women and New Hope for Stopping It." Armed Forces & Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal 33 (5): 5-23.

Author: Keith J. Allred

Abstract:

On numerous occasions in the past fifteen years, U.N. peacekeepers have been accused of sexually assaulting or abusing the populations they serve. A Comprehensive Review of peacekeeper misconduct completed in 2005 identified significant problems and recommended numerous changes to address them. The U.S. Army and NATO, in a response to the possibility that their deployed troops will be engaged in or facilitate human trafficking, have enacted new policies intended to remove their troops from the demand for women trafficked for sexual services. The Department of Defense and NATO initiatives are similar to those being considered by the United Nations for preventing sexual misconduct by its peacekeepers. Because the United States, NATO, and the United Nations are all addressing the problems of sexual misconduct by deployed troops, their efforts should be mutually reinforcing. The examples of American and NATO armed forces offer hope that the United Nations will also enact strong measures to prevent future misconduct by its peacekeepers.

Keywords: United Nations, human trafficking, military sexual assault, US Army, NATO, peacekeeper misconduct

Topics: Gender, Women, International Organizations, Livelihoods, Sexual Livelihoods, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Peacekeeping, Sexual Violence, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, Trafficking, Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking

Year: 2006

Citation:

Akee, Randall K. Q., Arnab K. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, and Melanie Khamis. 2010. "Chapter 28: Ethnic Fragmentation, Conflict, Displaced Persons and Human Trafficking: An Empirical Analysis." In Migration and Culture (Frontiers of Economics and Globalization, Volume 8), edited by Gil S. Epstien and Ira N. Gang, 691-716. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Authors: Randall K. Q. Akee, Arnab K. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Melanie Khamis

Abstract:

Ethnic conflicts and their links to international human trafficking have recently received a surge in international attention. It appears that ethnic conflicts exacerbate the internal displacement of individuals from networks of family and community, and their access to economic and social safety nets. These same individuals are then vulnerable to being trafficked by the hopes of better economic prospects elsewhere. In this chapter, we empirically examine this link between ethnic fragmentation, conflicts, internally displaced persons, refugees, and international trafficking, making use of a novel dataset of international trafficking. We conduct a direct estimation, which highlights the ultimate impact of ethnic fragmentation and conflict on international trafficking through internal and international displacements.

Keywords: internally displaced people, ethnic conflict, human trafficking, economics, ethnic fragmentation, refugees

Topics: Armed Conflict, Ethnic/Communal Wars, Displacement & Migration, IDPs, Refugees, Economies, Ethnicity, Gender, Trafficking, Human Trafficking

Year: 2010