National Liberation Wars

Citation:

Cohn, Carol, ed. 2012. “Women and Political Activism in the Face of War and Militarization.” Chap. 5 in Women and Wars. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

Authors: Carol Cohn, Ruth Jacobson

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Feminisms, Gender, Women, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militarization

Year: 2012

Citation:

Coe, Kevin, David Domke, Meredith Bagley, Sheryl Cunningham, and Nancy Van Leuven. 2007. "Masculinity as Political Strategy: George W. Bush, the 'War on Terrorism,' and an Echoing Press. Journal of Women, Politics and Policy 29 (1): 31-55. 

Authors: Kevin Coe, David Domke, Meredith Bagley, Sheryl Cunningham , Nancy Van Leuven

Abstract:

Scholars have demonstrated the centrality of masculinity as an ideology in the American presidency, but have devoted insufficient attention to the manner in which political leaders can emphasize masculine themes to gain strategic advantage, and how media organizations can be encouraged to adopt such themes in news coverage. With this in mind, in this research we analyze President George W. Bush's public communications prior to and immediately following the attacks of September 11, 2001, and NBC network television news coverage and New York Times and Washington Post editorials during the latter dates to elucidate the nature of masculinity as a political strategy. Findings indicate that in the aftermath of September 11 Bush enacted a highly masculine ideology through his treatment of the press and emphasis upon two masculine themes–strength and dominance–and that this approach facilitated wide circulation of his masculine discourse in the press.

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, "New Wars", Gender, Masculinity/ies, Gendered Discourses, Media, Governance, Terrorism Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2007

Citation:

Lyons, Tonya. 2002. “Guerrilla Girls and Women in the Zimbabwean National Liberation Struggle.” Women in African Colonial Histories. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Author: Tonya Lyons

Keywords: guerilla, Zimbabwe, liberation

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Combatants, Female Combatants, Sexual Violence, SV against Women Regions: Africa, Southern Africa Countries: Zimbabwe

Year: 2002

Citation:

Cockburn, Cynthia. 2013. “Against the Odds: Sustaining Feminist Momentum in Post-War Bosnia-Herzegovina.” Women’s Studies International Forum 36 (2): 26–35. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.01.003.

Author: Cynthia Cockburn

Abstract:

During the nationalist wars that destroyed Yugoslavia, a women's organization in central Bosnia-Herzegovina was set up to respond to the needs of women raped and traumatized in the fighting. In 1995, as the war ended, the author made a study of the feminist and anti-nationalist thinking and relationships among the doctors, therapists and other staff of Medica Women's Therapy Centre. In 2012 she returned to Bosnia to reinterview women and track developments in this post-conflict period. Medica now supports survivors of domestic violence, on the one hand working in a close partnership with local government services and on the other lobbying the state for improved legislation and provision. In a political system riven by nationalism, women report a retrogression in gender relations and high levels of violence against women. A recent split in Medica signals divergences in feminism and aspirations to a more radical and holistic movement.

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Domestic Violence, Gender, Women, Gender-Based Violence, Gendered Power Relations, Nationalism, Post-Conflict, Sexual Violence, Rape, SV against Women Regions: Europe, Balkans, Eastern Europe Countries: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Yugoslavia (former)

Year: 2013

Citation:

Benadada, Assia. 1999. “Les femmes dans le mouvement nationaliste marocain”. Clio. Histoire, femmes et sociétés, 9, en ligne. DOI: 10.4000/clio.1523

English: Benadada, Assia. 1999. “Women in the Moroccan national movement.” Clio. History, women and societies, 9, online. DOI: 10.4000/clio.1523

Author: Assia Benadada

Abstract:

L'article cherche à dégager le rôle des femmes dans le mouvement nationaliste marocain. Il s'appuie sur une lecture attentive des sources écrites coloniales et sur des sources orales que l'auteur a collectées auprès de quelques actrices du mouvement.

English Abstract:

This article seeks to uncover the role of women in the Moroccan nationalist movement. It is based on a careful reading of written sources from the colonial period and on oral sources that the author has collected from participants in the movement. (Clio)

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Coloniality/Post-Coloniality, Gender, Women, Nationalism, Political Participation Regions: Africa, MENA, North Africa Countries: Morocco

Year: 1999

Citation:

Bambona, Sylvie Laure Andela. 2013. “Femmes européennes, femmes africaines et Première Guerre mondiale au Cameroun, 1914-1915.” Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 4, 27‑44.

English: Bambona, Sylvie Laure Andela. 2013. “European women, African women and First World War in Cameroon, 1914-1915.” World wars and contemporary conflicts, 4, 27‑44.

Author: Sylvie Laure Andela Bambona

Abstract:

En 1914, la glorieuse période de domination allemande se teinte de gris en territoire colonial. Elle prend d’ailleurs fin avec son départ d’outre-mer et, donc du Cameroun, du fait du déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale. Bien que n’étant point mises en avant au regard de la situation coloniale et de l’influence des habitus sexués qui ont alors cours sur le protectorat, les femmes vivent durement ces hostilités entre puissances européennes. De fait, les affrontements sont impressionnants de par leur ampleur et les conséquences terribles sur la vie et le devenir du genre. Les femmes présentes au Cameroun pendant les hostilités de 1914 à 1915 n’ont pas figuré au premier rang des différents protagonistes de ce conflit, aucune femme n’ayant jamais revêtu l’uniforme de la Schutztruppe, ou armée coloniale allemande. Pourtant, la prégnance de leur véritable présence et de leur rôle, quoique secondaire, peut mieux se comprendre en examinant le déroulement de la guerre sur le terrain, mais surtout à partir de l’analyse de leur expérience de cette guerre dans le Sud Cameroun. (Cairn)

English Abstract:

In 1914, following the outbreak of the First World War, the golden age of Germany’s colonial domination approached its end. The war eventually led to the expulsion of Germany from all her colonies, including Cameroon. Although women did not play a leading role in the war, due to gender inequality and a colonial situation, they shared in the experiences of war between the European powers. Even though, in the course of the conflict from 1914 to 1915, no woman in Cameroon was sent to the front line and none was put into the uniform of the Schutztruppe (the German colonial army), the participation of women was of great importance and can be seen only by examining their experiences in southern Cameroon. (Cairn)

Annotation:

Quotes:

“Contrairement aux stéréotypes réducteurs présentant la femme comme étant incapable de participer à la guerre, les femmes du Cameroun allemand sont présentes et actives aux côtés des protagonistes du conflit de 1914” (Bambona, p 2)

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Combatants, Female Combatants, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Military Forces & Armed Groups Regions: Africa, West Africa Countries: Cameroon

Year: 2013

Citation:

Amrane, Djamila. 1992. “Les combattantes de la guerre d’Algérie.” Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps 26 (1): 58‑62.

English: Amrane, Djamila. 1992. “The Female combatants of Algeria’s war.” Materials for the history of our times 26 (1): 58‑62.

Author: Djamila Amrane

Annotation:

Article details the various female combatents in the Algerian War—a topic that has been ignored by the literature. Various types include: “Les Maquisardes”, who were cooks and nurses and worked on the front; “Les Fidayate”, a minority, these women were directly involved with combat and the placement of bombs; “Les Moussebilate” or resistant civilians. Together these women help give a better illustration of female involvement in the war and the “portrait of a woman combatent”. The article ends with a description of female combatents after the war.

Quotes:

“De larges pans de l'histoire de la guerre d’Algérie restent encore très mal connus. Le combat des Algériennes notamment a été largement occulté, comme si l'histoire de ces sept années de guerre pouvait s'inscrire en faisant abstraction d'une moitié du peuple algérien: les femmes”. (Amrane, p 1)

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Combatants, Female Combatants, Gender, Women, Post-Conflict Regions: Africa, MENA, North Africa Countries: Algeria

Year: 1992

Citation:

Amrane, Djamila. 1999. “Femmes dans la guerre d’Algérie. Entretien avec Fatma Baïchi.” Clio. Histoire, femmes et sociétés, 9, en ligne. DOI: 10.4000/clio.1530

English: Amrane, Djamila. 1999. “Women in Algeria’s war. Interview with Fatma Baïchi.” Clio. History, women and societies, 9, online. DOI: 10.4000/clio.1530.

Author: Djamila Amrane

Annotation:

Article is divided into three parts. The first part is a summary of an interview with Fatima Baichi in 1998 on the topic of women in the Algerian War. The second part of the article is a summary of an earlier interview between the author and Fatima in 1980 on Fatima’s life story and how she came to be involved with the Nationalist movement and her experiences therein with her “sisters in combat”. The third part of the article is the questions and responses of the 1998 interview on life after the conflict.

Quotes:

“Sollicitée en 1980 pour un entretien sur la guerre de libération nationale, Fatma Baïchi accepte sans réticence et, dès la première rencontre, devient partie prenante de ce projet d’écrire l’histoire des femmes militantes ignorées par l’historiographie. L’entretien se déroule dans une atmosphère détendue, elle parle submergée par le flot des souvenirs, son récit se déroule avec une multitude de détails. Cependant elle remarque que c’est la première fois qu’elle raconte cette période de sa vie. Elle s’étonne de son long silence... “c’est pour pouvoir vivre”explique-t-elle. “Silence de survie... Silence bruissant de l’appétit de vivre ” répond Jorge Semprun confronté à la même interrogation. Son récit aux accents d’authenticité et d’une spontanéité émouvante laisse pourtant apparaître le travail de la mémoire qui efface l’indicible et préserve les traces d’humanité protégeant ainsi l’intégrité psychique de l’individu et lui permettant de survivre à l’horreur. Elle est une des très rares interviewées à évoquer la torture mais elle le fait très brièvement. Elle explique qu’elle a été arretée et torturée à deux reprises, mais les deux fois elle n’a qu’une phrase, décousue et inachevée, pour décrire les tortures subie. Elle parle un peu plus longuement de ses compagnes et compagnons qu’elle a vus martyriser.” (Amrane, 1999, p1)

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Combatants, Female Combatants, Gender, Women, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Non-State Armed Groups, Nationalism, Post-Conflict Regions: Africa, MENA, North Africa Countries: Algeria

Year: 1999

Citation:

Author: Annette Weber

Abstract:

An analysis of gendered fighter constructions in the liberation movements in Eritrea and southern Sudan (EPLF and SPLA/M), examining the question of female access to the sphere of masculine fighter constructs and the relevance of this for influence in peacetime affairs. Empirical research in both countries, in particular interviews with participants, reveals that what keeps women out of the sphere of legitimized violence is not some “inherent peacefulness,” but the exclusivist construct of the masculine fighter, which is supported by society. This makes it hard for women to participate in war, and especially to gain full fighter status. An intrinsic link is found between fighter status and access to power in post-conflict state-building from which women, being unable to gain full fighter status, are largely excluded.

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Combatants, Female Combatants, Gender, Women, Masculinity/ies, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Governance, Post-Conflict Governance, Post-Conflict, Violence, Weapons /Arms Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Eritrea, South Sudan

Year: 2011

Citation:

Jacoby, Tami Amanda. 1999. “Feminism, Nationalism, and Difference: Reflections on the Palestinian Women’s Movement.” Women’s Studies International Forum 22 (5): 511–23.

Author: Tami Amanda Jacoby

Abstract:

This article draws from the Palestinian women’s movement as a point of entry into reconceptualizing the relationship between nationalism, feminism, and difference in the Middle East. I employ postmodern concepts to explore the diversity of a female nationalist agency through processes and symbols of national liberation and Sharia personal status law. How are representations of masculinity and femininity articulated within these frameworks of a subordinate nationalism? Is national liberation an effective forum for negotiating the diversity of women’s agency in the nation? What are the distinct constraints and opportunities of feminisms that are implicated in national liberation struggle, religious contestation, and conditions of acute international conflict? Finally, what are the implications of this case study for a broader revision of feminist theory and practice?

Topics: Armed Conflict, National Liberation Wars, Feminisms, Gender, Women, Masculinity/ies, Femininity/ies, Nationalism, Political Participation, Religion Regions: MENA, Asia, Middle East Countries: Palestine / Occupied Palestinian Territories

Year: 1999