Migration

Talking About Feminism in Africa

Citation:

Salo, Elaine, and Amina Mama. 2001. "Talking About Feminism in Africa."  Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 16 (50): 58-63.

Authors: Elaine Salo, Amina Mama

Abstract:

Elaine Salo speaks to Professor Amina Mama, one of Africa's leading contemporary feminist activist scholars whose critical contribution to African feminism is drawn from her work across the academic-activist divide.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Class, Coloniality/Post-Coloniality, Democracy / Democratization, Development, Displacement & Migration, Migration, Forced Migration, Refugees, Economies, Ethnicity, Feminisms, Gender, Gendered Power Relations, Patriarchy, Gender Hierarchies, Gender Equality/Inequality, Gender Equity, Globalization, Governance, Post-Conflict Governance, Political Economies, Political Participation Regions: Africa

Year: 2001

Power, Patriarchy, and Gender Conflict in the Vietnamese Immigrant Community

Citation:

Kibria, Nazli. 1990. “Power, Patriarchy, and Gender Conflict in the Vietnamese Immigrant Community.” Gender and Society 4 (1): 9-24.

Author: Nazli Kibria

Abstract:

Based on an ethnographic study of women's social groups and networks in a community of Vietnamese immigrants recently settled in the US, this article explores the effects of migration on gender roles and power. The women's groups and networks play an important role in the exchange of social and economic resources among households and in the mediation of disputes between men and women in the family. These community forms are an important source of informal power for women, enabling them to cope effectively with male authority in the family. Yet, despite their increased power and economic resources, these women supported a patriarchal social structure because it preserved their parental authority and promised greater economic security in the future.

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Migration, Economies, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Patriarchy, Gender Hierarchies, Gender Equality/Inequality, Households Regions: Americas, North America, Asia, Southeast Asia Countries: United States of America, Vietnam

Year: 1990

Trafficking in Humans Social, Cultural and Political Dimensions

Citation:

Cameron, Sally, and Edward Newman. 2008. Trafficking in Humans Social, Cultural and Political Dimensions. New York: United Nations University Press. 

Authors: Sally Cameron, Edward Newman

Abstract:

Brings social, economic and political elements to the policy discussion as well as strategic interventions regarding the fight against "trafficking" (the recruitment and transportation of human beings through deception and coercion for the purposes of exploitation). Trafficking, generally, occurs from poorer to more prosperous countries and regions; however, it is not necessarily the poorest regions or communities which are most vulnerable to trafficking, and so this volume seeks to identify the factors which explain where and why vulnerability increases. –Publisher's description.

“[This] volume examines the proposition that in this era of globalization, liberal economic forces have resulted in the erosion of state capacity and a weakening of the provision of public goods…A certain alignment of factors may be key to understanding trafficking. The principle focus of this volume is to understand the distinction and dialectical interaction between structural and proximate factors.”

Annotation:

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction: Understanding human trafficking/Edward Newman and Sally Cameron

Part I: Themes:

2. Trafficking in humans: Structural factors/Sally Cameron and Edward Newman
3. Globalization and national sovereignty: From migration to trafficking/ Kinsey Alden Dinan
4. Trafficking of women for prostitution/Sally Cameron
5. Migrant women and the legal politics of anti-trafficking interventions/Ratna Kapur
6. Trafficking in women: The role of transnational organized crime/Phil Williams

Part II: Regional experiences

7. The fight against trafficking in human beings from the European perspective/Helga Konrad
8. Human trafficking in East and South-East Asia: Searching for structural factors/Maruja M. B. Asis
9. Human trafficking in Latin America in the context of international migration/Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro
10. Human trafficking in South Asia: A focus on Nepal/Renu Rajbhandari
11. Trafficking in persons in the South Caucasus – Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: New challenges for transitional democracies/Gulnara Shahinian

Quotes:

Recognize that trafficking is gendered

Gender analysis offers increased possibilities to understand the specifics of why certain women are trafficked into certain regions/industries and develop appropriate (often long-term) responses. As a starting point, women are being trafficked from states offering them limited opportunities outside the hard toil and drudgery of the home, the farm and unregulated markets. “Rescuing” women and sending them home does not affect that, and thus will not alter the principal push factors which make women vulnerable to trafficking. At the same time, there is a failure to understand and acknowledge fully the trafficking of men. While there is some writing about men working in exploitative, indentured or slave-like conditions, much of this has not been contextualized within a trafficking framework. Similarly, there must be greater recognition that children are trafficked. For too long the popular image of trafficking victims – young women coerced into prostitution – has influenced policy responses, but this is only a part of the reality.” (16)

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Migration, Refugees, Economies, Poverty, Gender, Livelihoods, Sexual Livelihoods, Sexual Violence, Rape, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, Sexual Slavery, Trafficking, Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking Regions: Americas, Central America, Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, Balkans, South Caucasus Countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Nepal

Year: 2008

Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: The Phenonmenon, the Markets That Drive It and the Organizations That Promote It

Citation:

Aronowitz, Alexis. 2001. “Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: The Phenonmenon, the Markets That Drive It and the Organizations That Promote It.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 9: 163–95.

Author: Alexis Aronowitz

Abstract:

This article will define the concepts of smuggling and trafficking in human beings and discuss the difficulty in applying the definition. The magnitude and scope of the problem will be examined as well as its causes. Trafficking in human beings will be analysed as an illegal market, particularly with reference to its relationship with other illegal markets and the involvement of organised crime groups. The phenomenon will be discussed in more depth focusing on countries and regions where projects are currently being implemented under the auspices of the United Nations Global Programme against Trafficking in Human Beings. The discussion closes with an overview of situations which facilitate the practice, and current measures and recommendations to stem the tide of smuggling and trafficking.

Keywords: criminal organizations, illegal markets, migration, smuggling, Trafficking

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Migration, Refugees, Gender, Women, Girls, Livelihoods, Rights, Sexual Violence, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, Trafficking, Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking

Year: 2001

Unies pour le meilleur et pour le pire. Femmes africaines et villes coloniales: une histoire du métissage

Citation:

Gondola, Ch. Didier. 1997. “Unies pour le meilleur et pour le pire. Femmes africaines et villes coloniales: une histoire du métissage”. Clio. Histoire, femmes et sociétés, 6, en ligne. DOI: 10.4000/clio.377

English: Gondola, Ch. Didier. 1997. “United for the best and the worst. African Women and Colonial cities: history of mixed cultures.” Clio. History, women and societies, 6, online. DOI: 10.4000/clio.377

Author: Ch. Didier Gondola

Abstract:

Une histoire méconnue? Celle des femmes africaines, celle de la ville coloniale, ou plutôt celle du métissage qui a présidé à la rencontre des femmes et des cultures urbaines. Une histoire que l'on ne comprend qu'en prenant la mesure du rôle phare des cultures populaires que les femmes ont investi dès que les lois coloniales leur permirent le droit de cité à Kinshasa, à l'origine un campement pour travailleurs célibataires que l'arrivée des femmes a transformé en espace social métis. Les femmes ont fait la ville (coloniale), façonné de nouveaux styles de vie et permis aux citadins africains de prendre en charge, via la musique, la fête, le mouvement associatif, le petit commerce, un domaine qui avait été conçu par les autorités coloniales comme un laboratoire et un instrument de contrôle social, et aussi politique.

English Abstract:

Widely over looked? underinvestigated? Treated separately, the history of colonial Kinshasa and that of African women have been thoroughly researched. We are hard pressed to find these two histories intertwined, however. The history of both colonial Kinshasa and African women can only be fully understood by referring to the critical role of popular cultures invested by women, when colonial laws permitted them to reside in the city. Due to the migration of women Kinshasa was transformed into a unique social milieu. Women revamped the city and created new lifestyles. They helped African city-dwellers reclaim the usage of the urban milieu via popular music, festive culture, associative movement, and petty trade in order to undermine the social and political control exercised by colonial authorities.

Topics: Civil Society, Coloniality/Post-Coloniality, Displacement & Migration, Migration, Gender, Women Regions: Africa

Year: 1997

Fils, frères, pères

Citation:

Bertrand, Monique. 2013. “Fils, frères, pères”. Cahiers d’études africaines, 1, 323‑44.

English: Bertrand, Monique. 2013. “Sons, brothers, fathers.” Reports on African Studies, 1, 323‑44.

Author: Monique Bertrand

Abstract:

Au regard d’approches intéressant au Mali le sujet collectif “femmes”, les rapports intergénérationnels offrent des pistes heuristiques pour graduer, dans la capitale, les masculinités d’hégémoniques à marginalisées. Ce texte s’attache à des capacités sociales fortement revendiquées par les hommes: leur vocation à “héberger” étrangers, épouses et descendances, parentés directe et indirecte. L’honneur de l’hôte se défend dans l’installation d’une maison et le maintien de cohabitations résidentielles, dont il assume la charge et déplore les heurts, pour tenir rang dans la vie urbaine. À différentes étapes de mobilisation et de déstabilisation de références normatives, les rôles s’inversent dans l’hébergement; des contradictions se dévoilent; les mérites reconnus à certains rencontrent les reproches adressés à de nouvelles générations d’hommes pour la redistribution des ressources urbaines. Plus individualisées, ces visions masculines contextualisent les rapports de genre dans les termes d’une transition migratoire, démographique et métropolitaine.

English Abstract:

Since “women” tend to be analysed as a collective subject in Mali, the intergenerational relationships offer heuristic ways to evaluate the masculinity in a range of hegemonic marginalised positions, in the capital of the country. This paper deals with social capacities which are still strongly asserted by men: their authority in the matter of “lodging” as much as possible of strangers, wives and descendants, from direct and indirect kinships. The honour of the logeur is defended through the setting of a house and the ability to support co-dwellers on its name, assuming the load and clashes of a family to gain prestige in the urban life. Normative references are sometimes mobilised sometimes destabilised in the course of men’s life: housing practices can reverse the social roles, or reveal new contradictions; merits recognized for some family members can meet reproaches addressed to new generations of men concerning the redistribution of urban resources. These viewpoints on male duties tend to be more individual, but they put gender relationships in the prospect of a triple transition: migratory, demographic and metropolitan.

Keywords: Mali, masculinity, migration, kinship, intergenerational relationships, urbanity

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Migration, Gender, Men, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Households Regions: Africa, West Africa Countries: Mali

Year: 2013

Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, and Labor Migration in Asia

Citation:

Oishi, Nana. 2005. Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, and Labor Migration in Asia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Author: Nana Oishi

Abstract:

Women make up about half of the world's migrants, so it is little surprise that the international migration of women has been attracting significant attention in recent years. Most agree that global restructuring increasingly forces a large number of women in developing countries to emigrate to richer countries. But is poverty the only motivating factor?

In Women in Motion, Nana Oishi examines the cross-national patterns of international female migration in Asia. Drawing on fieldwork in ten countries—both migrant-sending and migrant-receiving—the author investigates the differential impact of globalization, state policies, individual autonomy, and various social factors. This is the first study of its kind to provide an integrative approach to and a comparative perspective on female migration flows from multiple countries. (Amazon)

Annotation:

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction: Women in Global Migration

2. Economic Development and Immigration Policies: The Role of the State and Society in Destination Countries

3. Value-Driven Emigration Policies: The Role of the State in Countries of Origin

4. Why Gendered Policies? The State, Society, and Symbolic Gender Politics

5. The Road from Home: Women's Autonomy, Migration, and the Trapping Mechanism

6. Social Legitimacy: The Nexus of Globalization and Women's Migration

7. Conclusion: Toward Global Governance of Migration

Epilogue: Migration and Women's Empowerment

Topics: Development, Displacement & Migration, Migration, Economies, Gender, Women, Globalization Regions: Asia

Year: 2005

Sub-Saharan Migrants’ Masculinities: An Intersectional Analysis of Media Representations during the Libyan War 2011

Citation:

DeVargas, Maria, and Stefania Donzelli. 2014. “Sub-Saharan Migrants’ Masculinities: An Intersectional Analysis of Media Representations during the Libyan War 2011.” In Migration, Gender and Social Justice, edited by Thanh-Dam Truong, Des Gasper, Jeff Handmaker, and Sylvia I. Bergh, 241–63. New York: Springer.

Authors: Maria DeVargas , Stefania Donzelli

Abstract:

Studies of the role of the media in conflict situations have brought to the fore the significance of representa- tions as an important part of the process of knowledge production about wars and the actors involved. The media can influence interpretations and framing of conflicts, moulding specific understandings of their causes and modalities of intervention. The Libyan war in 2011 is an interesting case to reflect on the United Nations (UN) principle of Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), and how conflict affects those populations who occupy a subordinate position in multiple stratification systems (gender, race, and class), whether they are locked in con- flict zones or are trying to join the flow of people fleeing across borders. In the context of humanitarian inter- vention, specific understandings of the migrants as social subjects become strongly correlated with correspond- ing support mechanisms. This chapter conducts an intersectional analysis to provide a perspective on the politics of the media representation of ‘migrants’ in Libya, discerning the key links between the constructions of their masculinities and the practices of protection for ‘people on the move’. We show how, being situated at the bottom of the social hierarchy in Libya, sub-Saharan black Africans were inappropriately presented in media coverage during the initial phase of the conflict as subjects of adequate protection. Their invisibilization and subordination by the media have been largely framed within international political and economic interests, which have also reinforced the idea of the international community as the legitimate protector of civilians. We argue that these representations reproduce migrants’ vulnerability and, by placing them in a situation of triple jeopardy (structural, political, and representational), undermine the possibility of conceiving and understanding security beyond their ‘naturalized’ victimization and subordination.

Keywords: masculinities, intersectionality, sub-Saharan migrants, Libya, human security, media representations

Topics: Class, Displacement & Migration, Migration, Gender, Masculinity/ies, Gendered Power Relations, Media, Humanitarian Assistance, International Organizations, Political Economies, Race, Security, Human Security Regions: Africa, MENA, North Africa Countries: Libya

Year: 2014

Urban Youth in Africa

Citation:

Sommers, Marc. 2010. “Urban Youth in Africa.” Environment and Urbanization 22 (2): 317–32.

Author: Marc Sommers

Abstract:

It is widely assumed that most Africans reside in rural areas, that African cities make little economic sense and are unusually violent because so many unemployed young men live there, and that urban migrant youth can be drawn back to their former rural homes. This paper challenges all of these assumptions. In the process, it reviews dominant trends in Africa’s rapid urban expansion and examines what life is like for urban youth. I will argue that African cities are underserved and fiercely competitive economic environments that are negatively impacted by neoliberal development policies. Urban youth life tends to take place in worlds that are largely separate from the rest of society. The pressures and dangers facing male and female youth can be extreme, yet at the same time African cities are exceptionally stimulating places that provide opportunities for re-invention for many urban youth. The paper ends with recommendations for addressing the needs of the marginalized majority of Africa’s urban youth more effectively. Its primary focus is urban areas in the region of sub-Saharan Africa.

Keywords: Africa, conflict, employment, exclusion, Gender, neoliberal, urban, youth

Topics: Age, Youth, Displacement & Migration, Migration, Urban Displacement, Development, Economies, Gender, Girls, Boys, Violence Regions: Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa

Year: 2010

"Women Have No Tribe": Connecting Carework, Gender, and Migration in an Era of HIV/AIDS in Botswana

Citation:

Upton, Rebecca L. 2003. “‘Women Have No Tribe’: Connecting Carework, Gender, and Migration in an Era of HIV/AIDS in Botswana.” Gender and Society 17 (2): 314–22.

Author: Rebecca L. Upton

Abstract:

The country of Botswana currently has one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Government and international aid agencies have undertaken initiatives to address the rapidly growing epidemic, but few measures address the current crisis of care as a key element in that process. In this article, the author uses case study data to highlight how women in Northern Botswana are affected by the increasing burden of caregiving to children who are orphaned as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In particular, she describes how the role of women as caregivers in communities has been transformed as a result of the HIV/AIDS crisis. She suggests that the intersecting cultural patterns of migration and reproduction are central to understanding the spread of the disease in the current emerging crisis of care.

Keywords: Botswana, HIV/AIDS, fosterage, migration, reproduction

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Migration, Gender, Women, Health, HIV/AIDS, Reproductive Health, Households Regions: Africa, Southern Africa Countries: Botswana

Year: 2003

Pages

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