Economic Inequality

‘Expatriates’: Gender, Race and Class Distinctions in International Management

Citation:

Berry, Daphne P., and Myrtle P. Bell. 2012. “‘Expatriates’: Gender, Race and Class Distinctions in International Management.” Gender, Work and Organization 19 (1): 10–28.

Authors: Daphne P. Berry, Myrtle P. Bell

Abstract:

In the international management (IM) literature, 'expatriate' is used as a verb in reference to the transnational movement of employees by multinational corporations (MNCs) and as a noun in reference to the people who are so moved across borders to work. IM's resulting expatriate analyses apply only to a specific minority of relatively privileged people. However, as is clear in other bodies of literature, many others ('migrants') in less privileged class positions move themselves across national boundaries for work. In this majority are often women and men—people of diverse races, ethnicities, economic and social means—who have less education and who work in lower level jobs, also often in or for MNCs. Their invisibility in the IM literature sustains and reinforces gender, race and class-based disparities in globalization processes and work to the detriment of poor women of colour around the world. We call for gendering change that would make visible the invisible in IM scholarship related to expatriation.

Keywords: expatriates, migrants, class, international management, Gender

Topics: Economies, Economic Inequality, Ethnicity, Gender, Women, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Globalization, Multi-National Corporations, Political Economies, Race

Year: 2012

Women’s Empowerment through Gender Budgeting: A Review in Indian Context

Citation:

Reddy, Suguna. 2011. “Women’s Empowerment Through Gender Budgeting: A Review in Indian Context.” Asia Pacific Journal of Social Sciences 3 (1): 210-24.

Author: Suguna Reddy

Abstract:

Gender Budgeting is now recognized as a tool for empowering women. Budget impacts women’s lives in several ways. It directly promotes women’s development through allocation of budgetary funds for women’s development programmes and reduces opportunities for empowerment of women through budgetary cuts. The Budget is an important tool in the hands of state for affirmative action for improvement of gender relations through reduction of gender gap in the development process. It can help to reduce economic inequalities, between men and women as well as between the rich and the poor. (NCAS, 2003). Hence, the budgetary policies need to keep into considerations the gender dynamics operating in the economy and in the civil society. There is a need to highlight participatory approaches to pro-poor budgeting, green budgeting, local and global implications of pro-poor and pro-women budgeting, alternative macro scenarios emerging out of alternative budgets and inter-linkages between gender-sensitive budgeting and women’ s empowerment. Serious examining of budgets calls for greater transparency at the level of international economics to local process of empowerment. With this background, the paper mainly focuses on the empowerment of women through Gender Budgeting.

Topics: Civil Society, Development, Economies, Economic Inequality, Poverty, Gender, Gender Budgeting Regions: Asia, South Asia Countries: India

Year: 2011

Feminisation of Gender Budgeting: An Uphill Task for Zimbabwe

Citation:

Manyeruke, Charity, and Shakespear Hamausw. 2013. “Feminisation of Gender Budgeting: An Uphill Task for Zimbabwe." Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 29 (1): 77-105.

Authors: Charity Manyeruke, Shakespear Hamausw

Abstract:

This paper analyses gender budgeting initiatives in Zimbabwe from 2008 when the Gender Budget Circular Call mandating all ministries to mainstream gender in their programmes and budgets came into effect. In order to analyse national budgets and budgeting process in Zimbabwe, the research used a qualitative methodology, which is, specifically, documentary research. Special attention was placed on critical sectors, such as health, agriculture, women's affairs, water and sanitation, and education where disparity between men and women is apparent. The paper concludes that budgetary allocations for women programmes are inadequate, hence the need to feminise gender budgeting process in order to yield better results. However, feminisation of the gender budgeting process is not an easy task for Zimbabwe due to lack of up-to-date gender disaggregated data, lack of political will, and economic challenges that are limiting the fiscal space, among others. There is, however, an opportunity to draw lessons from other developing countries such as South Africa, Mexico, and Namibia as discussed in this study.

Topics: Economies, Economic Inequality, Education, Gender, Femininity/ies, Gender Budgeting, Gender Mainstreaming, Health Regions: Africa, Southern Africa Countries: Zimbabwe

Year: 2013

Strengthening Local Economies through Gender-Responsive Budgeting: Interview with Diane Elson

Citation:

Harcourt, Wendy. 2010. “Strengthening Local Economies through Gender-Responsive Budgeting: Interview with Diane Elson.” Development 53 (3): 308-12.

Author: Wendy Harcourt

Abstract:

An interview with Diane Elson, a feminist economist and gender and development policy expert, is presented. She offers her view on the opportunity for feminist economists to study the economic crisis. Elson discusses the relationship between paid care work and migration. She also talks about the use of gender-responsive budgeting to address the problem of inequalities and ensure fair economic conditions. (Palgrave Macmillan)

Topics: Economies, Care Economies, Economic Inequality, Gender, Gender Budgeting, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality

Year: 2010

Gender Equality, Public Finance and Globalization

Citation:

Elson, Diane. 2004. "Gender Equality, Public Finance and Globalization." Paper presented at the Conference on Egalitarian Development in the Era of Globalization, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, April 22-24.

Author: Diane Elson

Abstract:

‘Global inequalities in the distribution of income, wealth, power and influence are enormous and the spread of rapid and cheap global communications has increased the awareness of hundreds of millions of people of widespread injustice and the unfairness of the global economic and political system. Increasingly it is recognised that equity is a global public good…’ (Griffin, 2003:800).

This paper considers a particular dimension of inequality, the inequality between women and men; and boys and girls. It considers the inter-relation between, on the one hand, attempts to make public finance more gender- equitable; and on the other, the fiscal squeeze produced by some aspects of globalisation. 

The Beijing Platform for Action, agreed at the UN Fourth World Conference for Women in 1995, specifically endorsed measures to ‘engender’ government budgets, calling in Paragraph 345 for: the integration of a gender perspective in budgetary decisions on polices and programmes, as well as adequate financing of specific programmes for securing equality between women and men. 

Over the last decade, a series of gender budget initiatives (GBIs), in both South and North, have sought to improve the distribution, adequacy and impact of government budgets at national, regional and local levels; and to secure greater transparency in the use of public money; and greater accountability to women as citizens. The spread of GBIs has itself been an example of globalisation, in this case the globalisation of action for gender justice; facilitated by email, internet and air travel; supported by international foundations and international development cooperation funds.

But, it may be argued, GBIs have begun to engage with public finance just at the time when governments, especially in the South, have less and less control over public finance decisions, due to other aspects of globalisation. Globalisation of trade, investment and finance puts pressure on government to reduce tax revenues and reduce public expenditure, even as it creates a need for more investment in public goods to counteract inequality and insecurity. 

This paper considers the weaknesses and strengths of GBIs as they seek to promote gender equality in the diminished national fiscal space; and discusses the changes in global governance that are needed if efforts to make public finance more gender equitable are to be fruitful.

Topics: Economies, Economic Inequality, Public Finance, Gender, Gender Budgeting, Globalization

Year: 2004

Budgets as if People Mattered: Democratizing Macroeconomic Policies

Citation:

Çağatay, Nilüfer, Mümtaz Keklik, Radhika Lal, and James Lang. 2000. “Budgets as if People Mattered: Democratizing Macroeconomic Policies.” SEPED Conference Paper Series, UNDP, New York.

Authors: Nilüfer Çağatay, Mümtaz Keklik, Radhika Lal, James Lang

Abstract:

This UNDP conference paper, published in May 2000 by Nilufer Cagatay, Mumtaz Keklik, Radhika Lal and James Lang, provides a contextual framework for budget initiatives and discusses how much progress has been made towards achieving the commitments declared in Copenhagen and Beijing. The paper makes a case for rethinking macroeconomics such that social policy becomes a constitutive element of macroeconomics. The authors further discuss the need for and role of people-centered budgets, pro-poor and gender-sensitive budgets. The lessons learned from these initiatives are brought forth as well as recommendations for future budget exercises. (Abstract from UN Women)

Topics: Economies, Economic Inequality, Gender Budgeting Regions: Africa, Southern Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania Countries: Australia, Philippines, South Africa

Year: 2000

Development at the Crossroads

Citation:

Mosse, Julia C. 1993. “Development at the Crossroads.” In Half the World, Half a Chance: An Introduction to Gender and Development, 140–51. Oxford, England: Oxfam.

Author: Julia C. Mosse

Topics: Conflict Prevention, Development, Economies, Economic Inequality, Poverty, Environment, Gender, Women, Men, Gender Roles, Gender Analysis, Femininity/ies, Gendered Power Relations, Globalization, Health, Households, Infrastructure, Water & Sanitation, Rights, Sexual Violence

Year: 1993

Mujeres Indígenas: Clamor por la Justicia; Violencia Sexual, Conflicto Armado y Despojo Violento de Tierras

Citation:

Méndez Gutiérrez, Luz, and Amanda Carrera Guerra. 2014. Mujeres Indígenas: Clamor por la Justicia; Violencia Sexual, Conflicto Armado y Despojo Violento de Tierras, Guatemala: Equipo de Estudios Comunitarios y Acción Psicosocial - ECAP.

Authors: Luz Méndez Gutiérrez, Amanda Carrera Guerra

Annotation:

Summary:
"En este libro se documentan y analizan dos graves capítulos de violencia sexual contra mujeres q’eqchi’s, así como sus luchas para alcanzar justicia. El primero tuvo lugar en el contexto del conflicto armado; y, el segundo, durante la etapa actual de profundización del modelo extractivista, en el marco de la globalización neoliberal. Las mujeres protagonistas de este estudio, en forma organizada y por medio de alianzas, llevan a cabo emblemáticos procesos por el acceso a la justicia, ya sea ante el sistema estatal o bien internacional." (Gutiérrez and Guerra 2014, 17)

Topics: Armed Conflict, Civil Wars, Civil Society, Economies, Economic Inequality, Poverty, Extractive Industries, Feminisms, Gender, Gender Analysis, Gender Roles, Gender-Based Violence, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Globalization, Health, Indigenous, Rights, Indigenous Rights, Land Rights, Property Rights, Women's Rights, Security, Sexual Violence, SV against Women Regions: Americas, Central America Countries: Guatemala

Year: 2014

Work and Power: The Connection Between Female Labor Force Participation and Female Political Representation

Citation:

Iversen, Torben, and Frances Rosenbluth. 2008. “Work and Power: The Connection Between Female Labor Force Participation and Female Political Representation.” Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 479–95.

Authors: Torben Iversen, Frances Rosenbluth

Abstract:

Mainstream political economy has tended to treat the family as a unit when examining the distributional consequences of labor market institutions and of public policy. In a world with high divorce rates, we argue that this simplification is more likely to obscure than to instruct. We find that labor market opportunities for women, which vary systematically with the position of countries in the international division of labor and with the structure of the welfare state, affect women’s bargaining power within the family and as a result, can explain much of the cross country variation in the gender division of labor as well as the gender gap in political preferences.

Topics: Economies, Economic Inequality, Poverty, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Gender Balance, Governance, Elections, Households, Political Participation

Year: 2008

Factories, Forests, Fields and Family: Gender and Neoliberalism in Extractive Reserves

Citation:

Hecht, Susanna B. 2007. “Factories, Forests, Fields and Family: Gender and Neoliberalism in Extractive Reserves.” Journal of Agrarian Change 7 (3): 316–47.

Author: Susanna B. Hecht

Abstract:

This paper explores the theoretical debates on extraction and development in Amazonia, and the emergence of extractive reserves (ERs) as a tropical development alternative. It reviews the role of women in Amazonian rural economies and then analyzes the (often invisible) tasks of women within the reserves through an analysis of the gender division of labour in the collecting and processing of non-timber forest products and agriculture. It then considers how lack of attention to rural women's labour obligations played out in a development project, Projeto Castanha, that began as an urban factory, but was later recast as a neoliberal decentralized processing and outsourcing programme. The project failed to appreciate the demands on, and the opportunity costs, of women's time and thus had very limited success as women withdrew their labour. The paper argues that there may be many more options for supporting extractive economies (and the women who work in them) in more peri-urban and village projects even though extractive reserves are valuable ecologically and socially in the regional economy.

Topics: Agriculture, Development, Economies, Economic Inequality, Poverty, Environment, Extractive Industries, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Livelihoods Regions: Americas, South America Countries: Brazil

Year: 2007

Pages

© 2024 CONSORTIUM ON GENDER, SECURITY & HUMAN RIGHTSLEGAL STATEMENT All photographs used on this site, and any materials posted on it, are the property of their respective owners, and are used by permission. Photographs: The images used on the site may not be downloaded, used, or reproduced in any way without the permission of the owner of the image. Materials: Visitors to the site are welcome to peruse the materials posted for their own research or for educational purposes. These materials, whether the property of the Consortium or of another, may only be reproduced with the permission of the owner of the material. This website contains copyrighted materials. The Consortium believes that any use of copyrighted material on this site is both permissive and in accordance with the Fair Use doctrine of 17 U.S.C. § 107. If, however, you believe that your intellectual property rights have been violated, please contact the Consortium at info@genderandsecurity.org.

Subscribe to RSS - Economic Inequality