North America

Education under Radical Change: Education Policy and the Youth Program of the United States in Postwar Germany

Citation:

Fuessl, Karl-Heinz, and Gregory Paul Wegner. 1996. “Education under Radical Change: Education Policy and the Youth Program of the United States in Postwar Germany.” History of Education Quarterly 36 (1): 1–18.

Authors: Karl-Heinz Fuessl, Gregory Paul Wegner

Topics: Age, Youth, Education, Gender, Girls, Boys, Gender Roles, Post-Conflict, Post-Conflict Reconstruction Regions: Americas, North America, Europe, Central Europe Countries: Germany, United States of America

Year: 1996

The Human Rights Dilemma: Rethinking the Humanitarian Project

Citation:

Weissman, Deborah M. 2004. “The Human Rights Dilemma: Rethinking the Humanitarian Project.” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 35 (April): 259–336.

Author: Deborah M. Weissman

Abstract:

This Article provides an interpretive account of the human rights discourse at a time when the U.S. legal community is deepening its relationship with these issues. It maps the context of the human rights project over the past one hundred years, with a critical eye and as a cautionary tale. It reviews the historical circumstances and the ideological framework in which human rights have been appropriated as an instrument of national policy, often to the detriment of humanitarian objectives. It considers the role of law, not only as an instrument by which colonial rule was maintained but as a system that has claimed center stage in the human rights project, often producing outcomes inimical to human rights.

It demonstrates that the disparity in power between colonizer and colonized continues to affect the ongoing development of human rights norms and has resulted in the production of legal remedies that are often incapable of safeguarding international human rights. It uses comparative legal discourse as a way to illustrate how the human rights project stipulates the need to rescue people of other cultures from themselves. The Article argues for a shift in methodological and attitudinal approaches to human rights work and suggests that commitment to human rights must be guided by an awareness of the power relationships from which remedies originate. It contends that without such awareness, humanitarian enterprises may inadvertently result in baneful consequences and implicate the human rights project in the very wrongs it seeks to correct.

Topics: Coloniality/Post-Coloniality, Gender, Women, Humanitarian Assistance, International Law, International Human Rights, International Organizations, Rights, Human Rights Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2004

The Impact of Military Presence in Local Labor Markets on the Employment of Women

Citation:

Booth, Bradford, William W. Falk, David R. Segal, and Mady Wechsler Segal. 2000. “The Impact of Military Presence in Local Labor Markets on the Employment of Women.” Gender and Society 14 (2): 318–32.

Authors: Bradford Booth, William W. Falk, David R. Segal, Mady Wechsler Segal

Abstract:

This article uses Public Use Microsample (PUMS) data drawn from the 1990 census to explore the relationship between military presence, defined as the percentage of the local labor force in the active-duty armed forces, and women's employment and earnings across local labor market areas (LMAs) in the United States. Comparisons of local rates of unemployment and mean women's earnings are made between those LMAs in which the military plays a disproportionate role in the local labor market and those in which military presence is low. Results suggest that women who live in labor market areas with a substantial (5 percent or greater) military presence have, on average, lower annual earnings and higher rates of unemployment than their counterparts who live in nonmilitary LMAs. The argument is made that through the interaction of several socially situated conditions-including gender, family, labor markets, human capital, and place-the military emerges as a source of inequality in labor market out-comes for women working on or around military installations.

Topics: Gender, Women, Livelihoods, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militaries Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2000

Social Citizenship from a Feminist Perspective

Citation:

Sarvasy, Wendy. 1997. “Social Citizenship from a Feminist Perspective.” Hypatia 12 (4): 54-73.

Author: Wendy Sarvasy

Abstract:

In this article I construct a feminist notion of social citizenship from early twentieth-century feminism in the United States. Arguing that there are four aspects to the interconnection between women's citizenship and social democracy-new modes of citizenship, a socialized view of rights, new spaces for participation, and a female-privileged definition of gender equality-I suggest that such a concept could help us move from a welfare state to a feminist social democracy.

Topics: Democracy / Democratization, Feminisms, Gender, Women, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Political Participation Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 1997

Using the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to Constitute Women

Citation:

Baines, Beverley. 2005. “Using the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to Constitute Women.” In The Gender of  Constitutional Jurisprudence, edited by Ruth Rubio-Marín and Beverley Baines, 48–74. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Author: Beverley Baines

Abstract:

After examining the role of feminists in the development of the equality doctrine under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, this chapter assesses Charter sex equality and related jurisprudence from 1985 to 2003. My objective is to reveal the initial impact on women of adopting a rights protecting regime. This impact falls into three categories (i) naming male privilege, (ii) contextualizing women, and (iii) transforming society. The results show much work remains to be done if we expect equality doctrine to transform women’s lives.

Topics: Feminisms, Gender, Women, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Governance, Rights, Women's Rights Regions: Americas, North America Countries: Canada

Year: 2005

Lifting Our Veil of Ignorance: Culture, Constitutionalism, and Women’s Human Rights in Post-September 11 America

Citation:

Powell, Catherine. 2005. “Lifting Our Veil of Ignorance: Culture, Constitutionalism, and Women’s Human Rights in Post-September 11 America.” Hastings Law Journal 57: 331-383.

Author: Catherine Powell

Topics: Gender, Women, Governance, Constitutions, Rights, Human Rights, Women's Rights Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2005

The Indigenous Woman as Victim of Her Culture in Neoliberal Mexico

Citation:

Newdick, Vivian. 2005. “The Indigenous Woman as Victim of Her Culture in Neoliberal Mexico.” Cultural Dynamics 17 (1): 73-92.

Author: Vivian Newdick

Abstract:

This article examines the appearance of an indigenous woman victim subject at the intersection of global and national rights discourses in Mexico. In the case of the rape of three indigenous women by the Mexican Army, in World Bank policy recommendations in which culture and gender are cast as 'impediments to development', and in everyday explanations for poverty, culture is cast as harmful to indigenous women. Structural violence and indigenous women's agency are obscured. This victim subject emerges to contest recent destabilizations of the meanings of gender and culture in the wake of indigenous women's militancy in the 1994 Zapatista uprising.

Topics: Economies, Gender, Women, Indigenous, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militaries, Non-State Armed Groups, Rights, Human Rights, Women's Rights, Sexual Violence, Rape, SV against Women, Violence Regions: Americas, North America Countries: Mexico

Year: 2005

Contentious Pluralism: The Public Sphere and Democracy

Citation:

Guidry, John A., and Mark Q. Sawyer. 2003. “Contentious Pluralism: The Public Sphere and Democracy.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (2): 273–89.

Authors: John A. Guidry, Mark Q. Sawyer

Abstract:

What do peasants in eighteenth-century England, African Americans in Reconstruction-era Virginia, mothers in Nicaragua and Argentina, and contemporary transnational activists have to do with one another? They all illustrate instances where marginalized groups challenge a lack of democracy or the limitations of existing democracy. Democracy is both a process and a product of struggles against power. Both the social capital literature and literature that focuses on democracy as a product of institutions can undervalue the actions of regular people who imagine a democratic world beyond anything that actually exists. The four cases examined in this article demonstrate that marginalized groups use a variety of performative and subversive methods to uproot the public sphere from its exclusionary history as they imagine, on their own terms, democratic possibilities that did not previously exist. In so doing, they plant the seeds of a more egalitarian public politics in new times and places. This process is "contentious pluralism," and we ask political scientists in all subfields to look to popular movements and changing political structures as they explore the promise of democracy and to rethink the gap between democracy as an ideal and the ways in which people actually experience it.

Topics: Governance, Political Participation Regions: Americas, Central America, North America, South America, Europe, Northern Europe Countries: Argentina, Nicaragua, United Kingdom, United States of America

Year: 2003

The National Implementation of SCR 1325 in Latin America: Key Areas of Concern

Citation:

Luciak, Ilja. 2009. “The National Implementation of SCR 1325 in Latin America: Key Areas of Concern.” Paper presented at the Annual ISA-ABRI Joint International Meeting, Rio de Janeiro, July 22-24.

Author: Ilja Luciak

Abstract:

It is the premise of this paper that sustainable peace and development require the full implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325. The paper calls attention to the importance of implementing SCR 1325 by highlighting key areas of concern with a primary focus on a small sample of Latin American countries, including Colombia, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti, and Nicaragua. The paper discusses several recent and current peace processes in the region. It emphasizes that peace negotiations constitute a crucial entry point for considerations of gender justice. Thus it is essential that the process be inclusive. Yet women'€™s participation in formal peace processes continues to be limited and their contributions to informal peace processes are only starting to be recognized. Peace accords and subsequent constitution-building present important opportunities for countries emerging from conflict to transform their political systems toward greater gender equality. Several Latin American countries have advanced in the political reconstruction of their respective societies by instituting constitutional and electoral reforms in the wake of conflict. On the other hand, a discussion of disarmament and demobilization processes in the region and highlights the current lack of attention to gender considerations. Similarly, the gendered needs of refugees and internally displaced populations also require attention. Further, in addition to dealing with violent acts committed during war, governments need to address the security environment that emerges in the wake of conflict. Post-war violence, whether committed in the public or private sphere, plagues many countries in the region.

Topics: Armed Conflict, DDR, Displacement & Migration, IDPs, Refugees, Gender, Women, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Governance, Constitutions, Elections, Post-Conflict Governance, Peace Processes, Post-Conflict, Security, UN Security Council Resolutions on WPS, UNSCR 1325, Violence Regions: Americas, Caribbean countries, Central America, North America, South America

Year: 2009

Gender and Nationalism: Acadians, Quebecois, and Irish in New Brunswick Nineteenth-Century Colleges and Convent Schools, 1854-1888

Citation:

Andrew, Sheila. 2002. "Gender and Nationalism: Acadians, Quebecois, and Irish in New Brunswick Nineteenth-Century Colleges and Convent Schools, 1854-1888." Historical Studies 68: 7-23.

Author: Sheila Andrew

Abstract:

Through analysis of the records of New Brunswick colleges and convent schools, newspaper accounts of their activities and memoirs of those involved, this paper examines attitudes to nationalism. It finds that the institutions that included students from Quebec, Acadians, and students of Irish background encouraged bilingualism for all students but also reflected the tensions in New Brunswick society by developing different forms of nationalism. In the colleges, the response was shaped by a gendered image of nationalism as emulation between the students of different origins and a blend of nationalism as common dislike of British colonial actions in the past and of pride in the current achievements of Britain and Queen Victoria. In the convents, collaboration, rather than emulation, was encouraged and nationalism was expressed as a common pride in surviving persecution and establishing unity in religion. These patterns were reflected in the subsequent behavior of the former students, influencing politics, business, and community life.

Topics: Civil Society, Coloniality/Post-Coloniality, Education, Gender, Nationalism, Religion Regions: Americas, North America Countries: Canada

Year: 2002

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