Central Europe

Citation:

Dittmer, Cordula, and Maja Apelt. 2008. “About Intervening in Vulnerable Societies: Gender in Military Peacekeeping of the Bundeswehr.” In Women in the Military and in Armed Conflict, edited by Helena Carreiras and Gerhard Kümmel, 63–80. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.

Authors: Cordula Dittmer, Maja Apelt

Topics: Gender, Women, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militaries, Peacekeeping Regions: Europe, Central Europe Countries: Germany

Year: 2008

Citation:

Caplan, Gregory. 2003. “Militarism and Masculinity as Keys to the ‘Jewish Question’ in Germany.” In Military Masculinities: Identity and the State, edited by Paul Higate, 175–90. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Author: Gregory Caplan

Topics: Armed Conflict, Ethnic/Communal Wars, Gender, Masculinity/ies, Genocide, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militarism Regions: Europe, Central Europe Countries: Germany

Year: 2003

Citation:

Evans, Richard J. 1980. “German Social Democracy and Women’s Suffrage 1891-1918.” Journal of Contemporary History 15 (3): 533–57.

Author: Richard J. Evans

Topics: Gender, Women, Governance, Political Participation Regions: Europe, Central Europe Countries: Germany

Year: 1980

Citation:

Habib, Douglas F. 2006. “Chastity, Masculinity, and Military Efficiency: The United States Army in Germany, 1918-1923.” International History Review 28 (4): 737-57.

Author: Douglas F. Habib

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Masculinity/ies, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militaries Regions: Americas, North America, Europe, Central Europe Countries: Germany, United States of America

Year: 2006

Citation:

Kürti, László. 1991. “The Wingless Eros of Socialism: Nationalism and Sexuality in Hungary.” Anthropological Quarterly 64 (2): 55-67.

Author: László Kürti

Abstract:

This article explores the intersections of gender, sexuality, and nationalism by re-reading Alexandra Kollontai's early model of a socialist eros in light of the realities of Hungarian workers in the 1950s and 1980s. Whereas under Stalinism women were expected to reproduce and to produce for the benefit of the state, the popular nationalist ideology of today's post-communist state disempowers women in an analogous fashion by relegating them to second-class status. The appropriation of this new discourse on sexuality paradoxically coincides with the creation of a 'free' and 'democratic' society for the Europe of 1992.

Topics: Democracy / Democratization, Gender, Women, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Hierarchies, Nationalism, Sexuality Regions: Europe, Central Europe Countries: Hungary

Year: 1991

Citation:

Zwingel, Susanne. 2004. “Gendered Responsibilities for War and Peace: Strategies of Political, Socio-Economic and Psychological Reconstruction in Post-War Germany.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2-5.

Author: Susanne Zwingel

Abstract:

This paper combines a feminist view on the gendered dynamics fostering and preventing warfare with the experiences of Germans at the end and in the aftermath of World War II. It focusses on the years of 1945 to 1948, as they can be seen as the years or disintegration of the old system and re-emergence of two new post war orders. Both the symbolic construction of gender ideologies and the impact of these constructs on daily life are discussed. The main argument is that the both Nazi Germany and post-war Germany were shaped by different forms of gendered militarization: racist hyper-masculine ware-fare was replaced by the predominantly female face of post-war suffering which lead to a gendered strategy of exculpation by part of many Germans; attempts to establish a more gender equal social order were partly successful, but ultimately absorbed by new forms of militarization as embodied in the block confrontation of the cold war.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Economies, Feminisms, Gender, Masculinity/ies, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militarization, Peace Processes Regions: Europe, Central Europe Countries: Germany

Year: 2004

Citation:

Kümmel, Gerhard. 2002. “Complete Access: Women in the Bundeswehr and Male Ambivalence.” Armed Forces & Society 28 (4): 555-73.

Author: Gerhard Kümmel

Abstract:

The article focuses on the position of women in the armed forces of Germany and the views of men towards it. The rejection of application of Tanja Kreil, an electrician, for voluntary service in the area of maintenance on gender ground in 1986 opened a debate. After a legal battle Kreil won and it opened the way for women in all services in Germany, including the armed forces. But recent studies in the armed forces showed that most of the person think that women are objects to be protected.

Topics: Combatants, Female Combatants, Gender, Women, Men, Gendered Power Relations, Military Forces & Armed Groups Regions: Europe, Central Europe Countries: Germany

Year: 2002

Citation:

Waylen, Georgina. 1994. “Women and Democratization Conceptualizing Gender Relations in Transition Politics.” World Politics 46 (3): 327–54. doi:10.2307/2950685.

Author: Georgina Waylen

Abstract:

This article examines the impact of gender relations on democratization. It considers a number of key questions: what role do women's movements play in the transition to democratic rule and what impact does a return to competitive electoral politics have on women and women's movements. The starting point is a critique of the existing literature on democratization. That literature cannot provide a satisfactory analysis of the role of women in transition politics because of the narrow definitions of democracy used and the top-down focus of much of it. The article then develops a gendered analysis through a comparison of the different processes of transition in Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe. It highlights the significance of the relationship between civil society and the state and the existence of “political space.”

Topics: Democracy / Democratization, Gender, Women, Gendered Power Relations, Governance, Elections, Political Participation Regions: Americas, Caribbean countries, Central America, North America, South America, Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe

Year: 1994

Citation:

Corrin, Chris. 2004. “Traffic in Women in War and Peace: Mapping Experiences in Southeast Europe.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 12 (2): 177-92.

Author: Chris Corrin

Abstract:

How concerns around prostitution and migration are politically framed  can decide and formulate policy strategies, with neighbouring countries taking radically different approaches to legislation. Traffic in women entails situations of violence and social control, where the lines between migration, human trafficking and smuggling become blurred. This article considers the growth of trafficking in women for prostitution across Central and South Eastern Europe over the last decade in the context of human rights policies. The brief mapping of trafficking in women in southeast Europe (SEE) focuses primarily on Albania and Kosova, to assess the diverse developments and the impact of militarisation, alongside increasing research and policy expansion. Practical changes to legislation with regard to human rights and migration are considered by some feminist analysts to create conditions that will limit the negative impacts of key aspects of women trafficked into prostitution.

Topics: Gender, Women, Livelihoods, Sexual Livelihoods, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militarization, Rights, Human Rights, Trafficking, Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking, Violence Regions: Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe

Year: 2004

Citation:

Krizsán, Andrea, and Violetta Zentai. 2006. “Gender Equality Policy Or Gender Mainstreaming? The Case of Hungary on the Road to an Enlarged Europe” Policy Studies 27 (2): 135–51. doi: 10.1080/01442870600722912.

Authors: Andrea Krizsán, Violetta Zentai

Abstract:

The aim of this article is to analyze some of the core conceptual and implementation issues underpinning the process of introducing gender mainstreaming strategy in Hungary. It examines the approach of Hungarian policy makers to gender mainstreaming and evaluates the political framing of some crucial aspects of gender equality. Our argument in this article is twofold. First, we observe that the concept of gender mainstreaming as a cross-sectoral and comprehensive policy tool for achieving gender equality has only been sporadically present and this has mostly been located at the rhetorical level. Hungary has no comprehensive gender equality strategy and no distinctive gender equality policy instruments currently in place. Rather, the promotion of equal opportunity on all grounds has become a powerful policy approach in the last two to three years, often neglecting the specific requirements of gender equality. Secondly, we argue that the influence of the European Union (EU) accession process has had two stages, as far as gender equality policy is concerned in Hungary. The first stage, has referred primarily to the de jure harmonization of Hungarian legislation with relevant EU directives, but has brought very little harmonization at the policy level, and brought limited de facto realization of the rights imposed by the directives. The second stage, identified from mid-2003, is coterminous with Hungary joining the different EU level policy processes. This second stage signaled a shift from legislative harmonization to a more focused policy approach. This stage may be characterized as a direct process of EU-isation on Hungarian policy concepts and tools, such as gender mainstreaming. However, it is too early to judge the practical implications of this development.

Topics: Gender, Gender Mainstreaming, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality Regions: Europe, Central Europe Countries: Hungary

Year: 2006