Americas

Mujer Rural: Cambios y persistencias en Ámerica Latina

Citation:

Anderson, Jeanine, Luisa Elvira Belaunde, Rita Bórquez, María del Rosario Castro, Julia Cuadro Falla, María Cuvi Sánchez, Alejandro Diez Hurtado, Karim Flores Mego, Elizabeth López Canelas, Flor Edilma Osorio and Patricia Ruiz Bravo. 2011. Mujer Rural: Cambios y persistencias en Ámerica Latina. Lima: Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales- CEPES.

Authors: Jeanine Anderson, Luisa Elvira Belaunde, Rita Bórquez, María del Rosario Castro, Julia Cuadro Falla, María Cuvi Sánchez, Alejandro Diez Hurtado, Karim Flores Mego, Elizabeth López Canelas, Flor Edilma Osorio, Patricia Ruiz Bravo

Topics: Armed Conflict, Civil Wars, Civil Society, Domestic Violence, Economies, Economic Inequality, Poverty, Extractive Industries, Feminisms, Gender, Women, Men, Masculinity/ies, Gender Roles, Gender Analysis, Femininity/ies, Gender-Based Violence, Gender Mainstreaming, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Hierarchies, Gender Equality/Inequality, Globalization, Health, Political Economies, Rights, Land Rights, Property Rights, Women's Rights, Security, Sexual Violence Regions: Americas, Central America, South America

Year: 2011

Mujeres Maya-Q'eqchi`en la ruta de la soberanía alimentaria: sosteniendo las economías campensinas ante el capitalismo agrario flexible en el Valle del Polochic, Guatemala

Citation:

Alonso Fradejas, Alberto, and Sara Mungorría Martínez. 2010. Mujeres Maya-Q'eqchi`en la ruta de la soberanía alimentaria: sosteniendo las economías campensinas ante el capitalismo agrario flexible en el Valle del Polochic, Guatemala. Mixco, Guatemala: Instituto de Estudios Agrarios y Rurales (IDEAR) Coordinación de ONG y Cooperativas (CONGCOOP).

 

Authors: Alberto Alonso Fradejas , Sara Mungorría Martínez

Annotation:

Summary:
"Desde el periodo colonial, América Latina (Indígena y Afro-descendiente) fue insertada en la economía mundial como proveedor de materias primas para sostener los patrones de producción y consumo de las metrópolis, primero, de los países “centrales” posteriormente y en la actualidad de éstos y de potencias emergentes del sur global (especialmente asiáticas). Un mecanismo de integración internacional subordinada, que contribuye a explicar el hecho de que la región haya venido siendo escenario de severos conflictos por la colisión entre diversos derechos, reivindicados y/o ejercidos, sobre el acceso, uso, tenencia y propiedad de la tierra y los bienes naturales. Conflictos cuyo abordaje se complejiza en el contexto de una economía global crecientemente deslocalizada e interdependiente al mismo tiempo. Entre las implicaciones de este modo de inserción internacional para los Estados subalternos destaca su creciente dificultad para proteger, respetar y facilitar la realización efectiva del Derecho Humano a la Alimentación «DHA» de sus ciudadanas y ciudadanos. Un derecho que tiene, como el conjunto de los Derechos Humanos, una dimensión internacional referida a la obligación de los Estados de no interferir en el disfrute del DHA de nacionales de terceros países, incluyendo la responsabilidad de los Estados en acuerdos sobre energía, agricultura, comercio, etc. Y es sobre esta dimensión internacional en tiempos de Globalización, que haremos hincapié en este trabajo. Ahora, si bien parece existir un consenso sobre el rol y obligaciones de los Estados sobre el «qué» supone el DHA, el acuerdo se dificulta al tratar el «cómo» asegurar surealización y defensa. Especialmente, por la complejidad para conciliar diversas rutas críticas en conflicto hacia el DHA. Una de estas rutas principales, planteada por La Vía Campesina y abanderada por movimientos sociales diversos e incluso algunos Estados, es la de la Soberanía Alimentaria. Una ruta hacia la realización y defensa del DHA que trabaja desde múltiples dimensiones, las cuales precisan ser identificadas, comprendidas y valoradas desde los marcos normativos-institucionales y de la acción colectiva en cada contexto socio-ecológico, si pretenden llevarse a buen fin. Precisamente, una de esas dimensiones clave, siempre nombrada pero a menudo relegada como «transversal», es la relativa a las relaciones de género, y más concretamente, a la situación y el papel de la mujer en las economías familiares campesinas y en las relaciones sociales de producción en el agro. De este modo, y através del análisis de diversos aspectos relacionados con la división sexual del trabajoen los sistemas productivos y reproductivos de hogares y comunidades indígenas y campesinas en un contexto territorial de alta conflictividad, se pretende contribuir al debate sobre la ruta y estrategias más pertinentes en cada contexto para garantizar el DHA sobre la base de la promoción de la equidad de género y del ejercicio de los derechos de las mujeres (rurales, campesinas e indígenas). Con este fin, comenzamos situando el contexto territorial del Valle del Polochic, incrustado en la etapa histórica del capitalismo mundial vigente. A continuación, tratamos de ubicar narrativa, normativa y teóricamente la ruta de la soberanía alimentaria en Guatemala, así como el debate metodológico y conceptual en el que se inserta este trabajo. A esto le sigue el cuerpo central de análisis y discusión de los resultados obtenidos para plantear, finalmente, una serie de reflexiones y consideraciones alrededor de las cuestiones trabajadas" (Alonso Fradejas & Mungorría Martínez 2010, 7).
 

Topics: Economies, Economic Inequality, Gender, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Indigenous, Rights, Indigenous Rights, Land Rights, Women's Rights Regions: Americas, Central America Countries: Guatemala

Year: 2010

Attitudes of Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans toward Gay and Lesbian Service Members

Citation:

Moradi, Bonnie, and Laura Miller. 2010. “Attitudes of Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans toward Gay and Lesbian Service Members." Armed Forces & Society 36 (3): 397–419. doi:10.1177/0095327X09352960.

Authors: Bonnie Moradi, Laura Miller

Abstract:

U.S. policy banning openly gay and lesbian personnel from serving in its military rests on the belief that heterosexual discomfort with lesbian and gay service members in an integrated environment would degrade unit cohesion and readiness. To inform this policy, data from a 2006 survey of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans are analyzed in this study. Views of these war veterans are consistent with prior surveys of military personnel showing declining support for the policy: from about 75 percent in 1993 to 40 percent in this survey. Among the demographic and military experience variables analyzed, comfort level with lesbian and gay people was the strongest correlate of attitudes toward the ban. War veterans indicated that the strongest argument against the ban is that sexual orientation is unrelated to job performance and that the strongest argument in favor of the ban is a projected negative impact on unit cohesion. However, analyses of these war veterans' ratings of unit cohesion and readiness revealed that knowing a gay or lesbian unit member is not uniquely associated with cohesion or readiness; instead, the quality of leaders, the quality of equipment, and the quality of training are the critical factors associated with unit cohesion and readiness.

Keywords: LGBT, homosexuality, veterans, Don't Ask Don't Tell, U.S. military, United States

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, LGBTQ, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Sexuality Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2010

The Pink Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the Memory of Nazi Persecution

Citation:

Jensen, Erik N. 2002. “The Pink Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the Memory of Nazi Persecution.” Journal of the History of Sexuality 11 (1/2): 319–49.

Author: Erik N. Jensen

Abstract:

The article presents information on gay, lesbians and the memory of Nazi persecution. The gay and lesbians perceived oppression for a long historical pattern that extended from Nazi era to the presents. The article traces the evolution over the past thirty years of collective memories in both the American and German gay communities in order to show what these communities have remembered and why. The article shows how cleavages in the communities have fostered alternate memories and how the American and German memories reflect different national experiences. Furthermore., many gays and lesbians remain altogether unaware of the historical significance of the pink triangle. Nevertheless, a larger memory has emerged that, despite differences, does contain shared symbols, narratives, and referents and has significantly influenced the consciousness of the broader gay and lesbian community. After struggling through the lean years of the 1940s, most gay men and women sought sanctuary in the economic boom of the 1950s; along with other West Germans, they avoided reminders of a painful past during which some had sympathized with the regime, even as others had faced persecution. (EBSCO)

Keywords: LGBT, United States, armed forces

Topics: LGBTQ, Military Forces & Armed Groups Regions: Americas, North America, Europe, Central Europe Countries: Germany, United States of America

Year: 2002

‘Dykes’ or ‘Whores’: Sexuality and the Women’s Army Corps in the United States during World War II

Citation:

Hampf, M.Michaela. 2004. " 'Dykes' or 'Whores': Sexuality and the Women's Army Corps in the United States during World War II." Women's Studies International Forum 27 (1): 13-30. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2003.12.007.

Author: M. Michaela Hampf

Abstract:

When the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) was founded in the United States in 1943, utilizing American womanpower was a matter of military expediency. At the same time, military service provided many women with mobility, education, and greater economic and personal autonomy. Women soldiers were subject to rumors and hostility by the public and media that found the stereotypical ‘feminine’ to be irreconcilable with the stereotypically masculine ‘soldier’ and considered both lesbian and heterosexual women’s sexual agency a threat to military masculinity and established gender roles. Archival records of the US Army show that women’s sexuality was controlled by discourses of desexualization and/or hypersexualization, by policies denying their sexual agency and of their victimization. The WAC leadership created an image of the ‘‘respectable’’ female soldier based on assumptions about the class and race nature of sexual morality. During the Second World War (WWII), military psychiatrists’ focus on homosexuality shifted from criminal to medical concepts. Concerns over lesbianism in the Corps, which was the apotheosis of cultural anxieties over women’s entrance into the military, highlight the performative nature and the close connections between the categories gender and sexuality.

Keywords: homosexuality, LGBT, U.S. military, United States, World War II, gender roles, militarised masculinity

Topics: Gender, Masculinity/ies, Gender Roles, LGBTQ, Military Forces & Armed Groups Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2004

The Politics of Water: Urban Protest, Gender, and Power in Monterrey, Mexico

Citation:

Bennett, Vivienne. 2009. The Politics of Water: Urban Protest, Gender, and Power in Monterrey, Mexico. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Author: Vivienne Bennett

Annotation:

"Vivienne Bennett has crafted an insightful study of the politics of water system management and development that offers insights into urban popular movements and protest, especially by women, and the politics of public policymaking in Mexico. Students of urban politics will appreciate this work's contribution to the literature on community power. Others will find Bennett's unraveling of the respective roles of the federal, state, and municipal governments in Mexico to be a significant addition to our understanding of the changing Mexican political regime. Yet others will find this book a solid, empirically-based analysis of the emergence and development of urban popular movements and the ways in which such movements can have consequences for public policy."

(WorldCat)

Topics: Civil Society, Class, Economies, Gender, Infrastructure, Water & Sanitation, NGOs, Political Participation, Privatization, Rights, Human Rights Regions: Americas, North America Countries: Mexico

Year: 2009

Ask and Tell: Gay Veterans, Identity, and Oral History on a Civil Rights Frontier

Citation:

Estes, Steve. 2005. “Ask and Tell: Gay Veterans, Identity, and Oral History on a Civil Rights Frontier.” Oral History Review 32 (2): 21–47.

Author: Steve Estes

Abstract:

In 1993 the "don't ask don't tell" policy legislated the silence of gay and lesbian soldiers on active duty and in the reserves. This silence about gays in the military has led to a collective amnesia about the patriotic service and courageous sacrifices of homosexual troops. If we forget that gay and lesbian Americans have served their country, then we as a nation are much less likely to view them as full citizens, deserving of civil rights and equal protection of the law. Oral history provides one way to break this silence, to ‘ask and tell’ about the military careers of gay and lesbian soldiers and to allow these veterans to speak for themselves about the current military policy. Based on more than fifty interviews with gay and lesbian veterans, this article chronicles the evolution of military policy regarding homosexuality since World War II, and it explores the intersection of veterans' identities based on race, sexuality, and military service. As these interviews illustrate, gays and lesbians have served honorably in the military during times of war and peace. Far from undermining unit cohesion or morale, these troops have strengthened America's armed forces. Interviews with gay and lesbian veterans provide an Opportunity to explore several themes underlying the debate about homosexuality and military service: 1) the relationship between racism and homophobia in the military; 2) varying attitudes about military service within gay communities; 3) contrasting experiences of gay men and lesbians in the military; and 4) the evolving nature of gay veterans' identities.

Keywords: LGBT, U.S. military, United States, homosexuality, Don't Ask Don't Tell

Topics: LGBTQ, Military Forces & Armed Groups Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2005

Medical Aspects of Transgender Military Service

Citation:

Elders, M. Joycelyn, George R. Brown, Eli Coleman, Tomas A. Kolditz, and Alan M. Steinman. 2015. “Medical Aspects of Transgender Military Service.” Armed Forces & Society 41 (2): 199–220. doi:10.1177/0095327X14545625.

Authors: M. Joycelyn Elders, George R. Brown, Eli Coleman, Thomas A. Kolditz, Alan M. Steinman

Abstract:

At least eighteen countries allow transgender personnel to serve openly, but the United States is not among them. In this article, we assess whether US military policies that ban transgender service members are based on medically sound rationales. To do so, we analyze Defense Department regulations and consider a wide range of medical data. Our conclusion is that there is no compelling medical reason for the ban on service by transgender personnel, that the ban is an unnecessary barrier to health care access for transgender personnel, and that medical care for transgender individuals should be managed using the same standards that apply to all others. Removal of the military’s ban on transgender service would improve health outcomes, enable commanders to better care for their troops, and reflect the military’s commitment to providing outstanding medical care for all military personnel.

Keywords: LGBT, Transgender, health, United States, U.S. military, Don't Ask Don't Tell, mental health

Topics: Health, Mental Health, LGBTQ, Military Forces & Armed Groups Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2015

Right to Serve or Responsibility to Protect? Civil Rights Framing and the DADT Repeal

Citation:

Connell, Catherine. 2015. "Right to Serve or Responsibility to Protect? Civil Rights Framing and the DADT Repeal." Boston University Law Review 95: 1015-28.

Author: Catherine Connell

Topics: LGBTQ, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Rights, Sexuality Regions: Americas, North America Countries: United States of America

Year: 2015

Pages

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