Sudan

Darfur Conflict: Livelihoods and Land Tenure Perspective

Citation:

Badri, Babiker. 2008. “Darfur Conflict: Livelihoods and Land Tenure Perspective.” Ahfad Journal 25 (2): 30–56.

Author: Babiker Badri

Abstract:

This paper is elaborating the hidden relationship between land tenure and the conflict in Darfur it is trying to position land tenure as a major factor that is contributing to the protracted conflict in the region of Darfur. The study is a review study re-discussing the arguments established in previous papers and documents on the conflict of Darfur emphasizing the land tenure issues as central to the conflict. It provides a historical account of the land tenure polices and how they had contributed to the conflict. The study derived some recommendations that acknowledge the need for land tenure system that is gender sensitive.

Annotation:

Quotes:

"Before the Fur sultanates there was no record of the land tenure or land use systems in the region of Darfur. Thus it may only be conjectured that before the control over the Darfur sultanate by the Keira dynasty, land was a common property to which any individual or family has an equal access and entitlement opportunities. And the settlement of the group was based on the "who came first" and of course one would allow for the formulation of alliances and groups to consolidate power to increase access proflles of the individual or the group." (40)

“It should also be acknowledged that women are the prime victims of such conflicts as been evident in the all the human rights reports in Rwanda, Iraq, Bosnia and lately Sudan. It should also be acknowledged that women are the main producer and supplier of food in Darfur (most of the agricultural process are actually undertaken by women and children), thus any attempts to resolve the dispute should be gender oriented and cater for the needs of the women in the region especially access to land rights.” (54)

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Land Tenure, Rights, Land Rights Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Sudan

Year: 2008

Losing Ground - Women and Agriculture on Sudan’s Irrigated Schemes: Lessons from a Blue Nile Village

Citation:

Bernal, Victoria. 1988. “Losing Ground - Women and Agriculture on Sudan’s Irrigated Schemes: Lessons from a Blue Nile Village.” In Agriculture, Women and Land - The African Experience, edited by Jean Davison, 131-56. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Author: Victoria Bernal

Topics: Agriculture, Gender, Women, Infrastructure, Water & Sanitation, Political Economies Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Sudan

Year: 1988

Like Oil and Water, with a Match: Militarized Commerce, Armed Conflict and Human Security in Sudan

Citation:

Macklin, Audrey. 2004. “Like Oil and Water, with a Match: Militarized Commerce, Armed Conflict and Human Security in Sudan.” In Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones, edited by Wenona Mary Giles and Jennifer Hyndman, 75-107. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Author: Audrey Macklin

Abstract:

This article examines the gendered reverberations of global capital investment in a conflict zone, from the north with armed conflict in the south. Specifically, the article examines the author’s experience as a member of an independent assessment mission to Sudan appointed by the Canadian government. The team’s mandate was to investigate the link between oil development and human rights violations with particular reference to the Canadian oil company Talisman. In 1998 Talisman acquired a 25% share in the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC). North and South Sudan had been embroiled in an armed civil conflict almost continuously since 1956 and the oil fields were located on contested territory. This article contrasts the idea of human security (advanced as part of Canada’s foreign policy agenda at the time), with traditional conceptions of military and corporate security, using the experience of Sudanese women affected by the conflict as a way of illustrating the incongruities between competing understandings of security. It concludes that the presence of Talisman in Sudan encouraged the prioritization of corporate and military security over human security, exacerbating the human rights violations and perpetuating the struggle of women. Finally, this article evaluates strategies used by different stakeholders to encourage the Canadian company to take responsibility for its role in human rights violations.

(Abstract from Social Science Research Network)

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Women, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Private Military & Security, Militarization, Political Economies, Rights, Human Rights, Security, Human Security Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Sudan

Year: 2004

Economic Empowerment for Pastoralist Women: A Comparative Look at Program Experience in Uganda, Somaliland and Sudan

Citation:

Livingstone, John, and Everse Ruhindi. 2011. Economic Empowerment for Pastoralist Women: A Comparative Look at Program Experience in Uganda, Somaliland and Sudan. Brighton, UK: Land Deals Politics Initiative.

Authors: John Livingstone, Everse Ruhindi

Abstract:

This paper seeks to draw lessons from program experience in the three countries. It points to the effectiveness of business skills training for women’s groups in pastoral areas, when combined with grants for rotating funds that enable women to acquire productive assets and expand their micro-enterprises. While, microcredit may be difficult to implement with partly mobile communities in which women do own land or assets that can be used as collateral, it is increasingly viable in the growing towns and trading centres in and around which pastoralists are living more settled lives. The value of support for women’s micro-enterprises is recognized, with significant social impacts through increased household spending on children’s health and education, as well as strengthened women’s groups that can support a wide variety of activities outside the home. But, the paper also points to the need for efforts at the “meso” level to promote small and medium sized enterprises that can employ significant numbers of women, as well as to work at the macro (policy) level to promote a more business-friendly environment, with supportive transport and communications infrastructure and regulatory frameworks.

Topics: Development, Economies, Gender, Women, Households, Infrastructure, Information & Communication Technologies, Transportation, Livelihoods, NGOs, Rights, Land Rights, Women's Rights Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Somalia, Sudan, Uganda

Year: 2011

Gender Analysis of the Impacts of Displacement on Western Sudanese Migrants in Khartoum State, Sudan

Citation:

Rahamtalla, Nawal Mohamed, and Awadalla Mohamed Saeed. 2009. “Gender Analysis of the Impacts of Displacement on Western Sudanese Migrants in Khartoum State, Sudan.” Ahfad Journal 26 (2): 15–46.

Authors: Nawal Mohamed Rahamtalla, Awadalla Mohamed Saeed

Abstract:

This study employed a gender analytical perspective to assess the socioeconomic impacts of displacement on Western Sudanese migrants in Khartoum State. It identified the different causes for migration and assessed the impact of population displacement on agricultural production in the rural areas of origin, and on the socio-economic conditions of the displaced families. Using a participatory approach, the study attempted to gauge the attitude of the displaced towards voluntary return to rural areas, and their perception of the requirements, that if provided would constitute an incentive for return. A random sample of households in camps for the internally displaced persons (IDPs) was selected for purposes of the study. Data collection involved use of structured interview schedules for obtaining relevant information. Data analysis revealed that the decision to migrate to Khartoum state was collective. Whole families were forced to leave their areas of origin because of the drought conditions which affected their rural areas of origin since the mid 1980s, and because of tribal conflicts over use of natural resources which later culminated into civil war. These forced migrants were mainly farmers and agro-pastoralists. Most of them have abandoned cultivation of their farmland, but some (mainly men) return seasonally to cultivate their land with the help of the remaining relatives or sharecroppers.. Most of the female heads of the displaced households were found to be landless. The living conditions of the displaced families in tile camps were found not to be better than the living conditions of the families before migration. Rather, the living expenses for the migrants in their urban destination areas have jumped up considerably relative to those in the rural areas of origin. Gender analysis revealed that tile migrants' tribal norm of placing the responsibility for household food security on women has persisted ill the migrant's urban displacement areas, and that women are bearing the bulk of life stresses in the IDPs' camps. Most of the interviewed IDPs have not benefited from the available education and health services; mainly because of the involved expenses. Young family members (especially those belonging to female-headed households) are forced not to go to school or to drop out in order to engage in trivial income-generating activities to supplement household incomes. Despite their poverty, most of the Western Sudanese migrant heads of households in the sample (especially women) expressed a desire for permanent residence in Khartoum state. A minority (mainly men) expressed a willingness to return in case of provision of incentives by the government, including establishment of peace and security, provision of subsidized health, education and water supply services, conservation of natural resources, and facilitation of access to financial capital for sustaining rural development activities.

Topics: Displacement & Migration, IDPs, Refugee/IDP Camps, Economies, Poverty, Gender, Gender Analysis, Households Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Sudan

Year: 2009

Caught between War and Its Aftermath: The Experience of Internally Displaced Women in Sudan

Citation:

Osman, Amira Awad. 2012. “Caught between War and Its Aftermath: The Experience of Internally Displaced Women in Sudan.” In Predicaments in the Horn of Africa: 10 Years of SIRC Conferences in Lund on the Horn of Africa, edited by Ulf Johansson Dahre, 397-408. Lund, Sweden: Media Tryck, Lund University.

Author: Amira Awad Osman

Topics: Armed Conflict, Displacement & Migration, IDPs, Gender, Women Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Sudan

Year: 2012

Constructing ‘Modern Gendered Civilised’ Women and Men: Gender-Mainstreaming in Refugee Camps

Citation:

Grabska, Katarzyna. 2011. “Constructing ‘Modern Gendered Civilised’ Women and Men: Gender-Mainstreaming in Refugee Camps.” Gender and Development 19 (1): 81–93.

Author: Katarzyna Grabska

Abstract:

Gender mainstreaming in humanitarian programmes with forced migrants is based on a belief that such an approach will lead to greater gender equality, while raising the status of women through their ‘empowerment’. In this article, I focus on the activities of international and local humanitarian organisations in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya. I argue that the concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘women’ are often over-simplified and essentialised in gender mainstreaming, and this results in programmes which not only exacerbate gender asymmetries, but may also place women at risk.

Keywords: gender-mainstreaming, Kenya, migration

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Migration, Forced Migration, Refugee/IDP Camps, Gender, Women, Gender Mainstreaming, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Humanitarian Assistance, International Organizations Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Kenya, Sudan

Year: 2011

Coping Strategies of Sudanese Refugee Women in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya

Citation:

Gladden, Jessica. 2013. “Coping Strategies of Sudanese Refugee Women in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 32 (4): 66-89.

Author: Jessica Gladden

Abstract:

Thirty Sudanese women currently living in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya were interviewed regarding their coping strategies in May 2011. The three central areas of discussion for the study were informal social support, the role of the women’s beliefs, and formal supports in the camp and how these items contributed to coping strategies. It was found that women were limited in their emotional coping strategies by their many physical needs. Much of the focus of their discussion was around their attempts to meet these physical needs. Formal supports, in particular the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, were the primary form of support available and utilised by the women in the study. Beliefs in God and education were the primary means of emotional support, with little assistance from friends and family.

Keywords: refugee, women, coping strategies, refugee camp

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Refugees, Refugee/IDP Camps, Education, Gender, Women, Health, Mental Health, Humanitarian Assistance, International Organizations, Religion Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Kenya, Sudan

Year: 2013

Sudanese Women Refugees: Transformations and Future Imaginings

Citation:

Edward, Jane Kani. 2007. Sudanese Women Refugees: Transformations and Future Imaginings. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Author: Jane Kani Edward

Abstract:

This book examines the social, cultural, economic, and political transformations that have occurred among southern Sudanese women refugees as they experience life in Cairo, Egypt. It intends to show how these women use their newly acquired skills and knowledge to challenge their past and to challenge the image of women refugees as victims and dependents. The author counters previous literature’s tendency to categorize these women as victimized, dependent and backwards, rather than recognizing their strength and contributions to their new societies. (Amazon)

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Refugees, Economies, Gender, Women, Political Participation Regions: Africa, MENA, East Africa, North Africa, Middle East Countries: Egypt, Sudan

Year: 2007

The Other Side of Oil Wealth: The Case for Compensation of Displaced Women

Citation:

Abusharaf, Adila. 2007. The Other Side of Oil Wealth: The Case for Compensation of Displaced Women. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC).

Author: Adila Abusharaf

Abstract:

International literature on both war and development in conflict zones has kept pace, first, with the growing ramifications of armed conflicts as they affect women and, second, with the serious human rights implications of displacement caused by development. Due to the magnitude of the problem of internally displaced people ("IDPs") worldwide, there is, however, still an ongoing need, at both national and international levels, for policies to deal with the impact of displacement and to fill the gaps in existing protection and resettlement regimes.

As a contribution to the international literature, this report documents the underexplored case for compensating internally displaced women ("displaced women"), using the example of southern Sudanese women from oil-producing areas as an empirical study. The report aims to prioritize the interests and compensation for displaced women who are single-headed households. The claim of compensation for displaced women coincides with the politically momentous signing of the Machakos Peace Protocol, on 20 July 2002, between the Government of Sudan ("G0S") and the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Army/Movement ("SPLA/SPLM"), to put an end to the 20- year civil war in Sudan. The parties have undertaken to facilitate the immediate return of IDPs, including those who were originally from oil-producing areas; however, the negotiations of the formula to share oil revenues did not consider the role that oil development played in the plight of these people, nor the role that oil development will play in rehabilitating their homeland. This report responds to this shortcoming and urges the GoS to compensate displaced women, who are the most disadvantaged group because of their limited access to resources, so that they can achieve better livelihoods upon their return.

This case for compensation is based on the analysis of a process resulting from conscious political choices, a process that marginalizes displaced women with respect to their treatment by government institutions and laws of protection. Notably, national oil policies and legislation, customary laws, and the social relations of gender and ethnicity are all factors compounded to constrain displaced women's access to resources. This report uses gender equity as a lens through which to explore and understand the different problems that displaced women and men face, and the different opportunities available to help them adjust to non-traditional gender roles and responsibilities imposed by war and displacement. Compensating displaced women upon their return is a legitimate and viable option. Compensation will enable them to participate or at least survive the new forces of the monetarized oil economy after war and displacement have shattered their families and tribal communities, the traditional sources of their security. For the progress of oil development in post-conflict southern Sudan, GoS and SPLM must formulate gender-equity-based policies. These are fundamental for productivity in a monetarized oil economy.  Adopting a gender-sensitive process is essential for ensuring the just and fair compensation of displaced women, who have no means to meet their basic needs upon their return.

For the progress of oil development in post-conflict southern Sudan, GoS and SPLM must formulate gender-equity-based policies. These are fundamental for productivity in a monetarized oil economy. Adopting a gender-sensitive process is essential for ensuring the just and fair compensation of displaced women, who have no means to meet their basic needs upon their return.

Keywords: compensation, oil, displacement, gender roles, IDPs, Sudan

Topics: Armed Conflict, Development, Displacement & Migration, IDPs, Ethnicity, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Gender Analysis, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equity, Livelihoods, Rights, Human Rights Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Sudan

Year: 2007

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