Somalia

Citation:

Byrne, Bridget, Rachel Marcus, and Tanya Powers-Stevens. 1995. Gender, Conflict and Development Volume II: Case Studies: Cambodia; Rwanda; Kosovo; Algeria; Somalia; Guatemala and Eritrea. 35. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.

Authors: Bridget Byrne, Rachel Marcus, Tanya Powers-Stevens

Topics: Armed Conflict, Development, Gender Regions: Africa, MENA, Central Africa, East Africa, North Africa, Americas, Central America, Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, Balkans, Eastern Europe Countries: Algeria, Cambodia, Eritrea, Guatemala, Kosovo, Rwanda, Somalia

Year: 1995

Citation:

Whitworth, Sandra. 2004. Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Author: Sandra Whitworth

Abstract:

Sandra Whitworth looks behind the rhetoric to investigate - from a feminist perspective - the realities of military intervention under the UN flag. Whitworth contends that there is a fundamental contradiction between portrayals of peacekeeping as altruistic and benign and the militarized masculinity that underpins the group identity of soldiers. (WorldCat)

Topics: Feminisms, Gender, Men, Masculinity/ies, Gender Analysis, International Organizations, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militarism, Militarization, Peacekeeping Regions: Africa, East Africa, Americas, North America, Asia, Southeast Asia Countries: Cambodia, Canada, Somalia

Year: 2004

Citation:

Razack, Sherene. 2002. "Outwhiting the White Guys: Men of Colour and Peacekeeping Violence." UMKC Law Review 71: 331-54.

Author: Sherene Razack

Abstract:

What can we know about men of colour who engage in acts of violence against lower status groups? Exploring this question in the context of the violence of Canadian peacekeepers who were on peacekeeping duties in Somalia in 1993, I critique Nancy Ehrenreich’s notion of “compensatory violence,” where men of colour are thought to compensate for their diminished status as men through engaging in acts of violence against lower status groups (in Ehrenreich’s examples, principally women, but also other men of colour). I offer some thoughts on how we might consider the violence of men of colour in the peacekeeping context without excusing, pathologising, or exceptionalizing their behaviour, and importantly, without obscuring the highly racial terms of the encounter between Candian peacekeepers and the Somali population. Instead of a compensatory framework, I propose an anti-colonial one. The terms and conditions of membership in a white nation include that men of colour must forget the racial violence that is done to them, as Abouli Farmanfarmaian observes. But passing as ‘ordinary’ men requires more than an act of forgetting. I suggest that joining the nation also requires that men actively perform a hegemonic masculinity in service of nation. Compensatory theorists suggest that men of colour have the most to gain from engaging in hegemonic practices such as violence. In this article, I argue that they have as much to gain as anyone else – no more and no less – and further, their investment in such hegemonic practices can also be undermined by their own experiences of violence. 

Topics: Armed Conflict, Coloniality/Post-Coloniality, Gender, Men, Masculinity/ies, International Organizations, Peacekeeping, Race, Violence Regions: Africa, East Africa, Americas, North America Countries: Canada, Somalia

Year: 2002

Citation:

Razack, Sherene. 2000. “From the ‘Clean Snows of Petawawa’: The Violence of Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia.” Cultural Anthropology 15 (1): 127-63.

Author: Sherene Razack

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Peacekeeping, Sexual Violence, Rape, Violence Regions: Africa, East Africa, Americas, North America Countries: Canada, Somalia

Year: 2000

Citation:

Beswick, Stephanie. 2006. “‘If You Leave Your Country You Have No Life!’ Rape, Suicide, and Violence: The Voices of Ethiopian, Somali, and Sudanese Female Refugees in Kenyan Refugee Camps.” Northeast African Studies 8 (3): 69–98.

Author: Stephanie Beswick

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Refugees, Refugee/IDP Camps, Gender, Women, Gender-Based Violence, Gendered Power Relations, Health, Mental Health, Trauma, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militarism, Security, Human Security, Sexual Violence, Rape Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan

Year: 2006

Citation:

Schafer, Loveness H. 2002. “True Survivors: East African Refugee Women.” Africa Today 49 (2): 29-48.

Author: Loveness H. Schafer

Abstract:

In this paper, I explain the process asylum seekers from Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Somalia went through when they applied for asylum in Malawi between 1997 and 1999. I describe how international conventions concerning refugees were carried out in practice, paying particular attention to places in the process where women refugees confronted certain hardships. More specifically, I explore the ways in which gender-based violence, rape, and other harms particularly committed against women were dealt with in the processing of asylum applications in Malawi. I argue that both international conventions and individual host countries should revamp laws and mechanisms for admitting refugees to more adequately address the problem of gender-based violence. Despite the hardships they faced, women refugees were the real survivors, because they used all their skills and wits to survive their ordeals and save themselves and their children from abuse, torture, and death.

Topics: Displacement & Migration, Refugees, Gender, Women, Gender-Based Violence, International Law, Sexual Violence, Rape, SV against Women, Torture Regions: Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa Countries: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Rwanda, Somalia

Year: 2002

Citation:

Quinn, Shane, and Ibrahim Farah. 2008. “Reshaping the Role of Civil Society in Somalia - Peacebuilding in a Collapsed State.” Paper presented at the International Studies Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA, March 26-29.

Authors: Shane Quinn, Ibrahim Farah

Abstract:

Somalia has been without an effective central government for the past seventeen years. In such a vacuum, many non-state actors including the civil society were left to play a major role in the search for peace. Although the term civil society€™ itself has a definitional problem in a Somali setting, this emerging entity has had a recognizable, albeit sporadic effect in various parts of the country. There are, however, a number of challenges: too much dependence on external support, the distinct cultural context and the lack of a coherent and coordinated strategy. The paper will analyze the role civil society has had in war-torn Somalia since the 1990s along an analytical framework that also looks into the context in which civil society operates, and the relevance and effectiveness of civil society performance towards peacebuilding. It is argued that, despite the definitional problems associated with the term, civil society has played a major role in the peacebuilding process in Somalia and that it remains the only major unifying factor in the country.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Civil Wars, Civil Society, Peacebuilding, Post-Conflict Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Somalia

Year: 2008

Citation:

El-Bushra, Judy. 2000. “Transforming Conflict: Some Thoughts on a Gendered Understanding of Conflict Processes.” In States of Conflict: Gender, Violence and Resistance, edited by Susie Jacobs, Ruth Jacobson, and Jennifer Marchbank. London: Zed Books.

Author: Judy El-Bushra

Topics: Armed Conflict, Conflict Prevention, Development, Gender, Women, Gender Analysis, Gendered Power Relations, Peace Processes Regions: Africa, Central Africa, East Africa Countries: Rwanda, Somalia, Uganda

Year: 2000

Citation:

Nakaya, Sumie. 2003. “Women and Gender Equality in Peace Processes: From Women at the Negotiating Table to Postwar Structural Reforms in Guatemala and Somalia.” Global Governance 9 (4): 459-76.

Author: Sumie Nakaya

Topics: Gender, Women, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Governance, Post-Conflict Governance, Peacebuilding, Peace Processes, Post-Conflict, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, UN Security Council Resolutions on WPS, UNSCR 1325 Regions: Africa, East Africa, Americas, Central America Countries: Guatemala, Somalia

Year: 2003

Citation:

Gardner, Judith, and Amina Mohamoud Warsame. 2004. “Women, Clan-Identity, and Peace-Building.” In Somalia- the Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women, edited by Judith Gardner and Amina Mohamoud Warsame, 153–65. London: Pluto Press.

Authors: Judith Gardner, Amina Mohamoud Warsame

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Women, Peacebuilding Regions: Africa, East Africa Countries: Somalia

Year: 2004