Peru

Intimate Enemies: Violence and Reconciliation in Peru

Citation:

Theidon, Kimberly. 2012. Intimate Enemies: Violence and Reconciliation in Peru. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Author: Kimberly Theidon

Abstract:

Drawing on years of research in the highlands of Ayacucho, Kimberly Theidon explores how Peruvians are rebuilding individual lives and collective existence following twenty years of armed conflict. The micropolitics of reconciliation practiced there complicates the way we understand transitional justice and coexistence in the aftermath of war. (Abstract from WorldCat)

Topics: Post-Conflict, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Violence Regions: Americas, South America Countries: Peru

Year: 2012

Analyzing Rape Regimes at the Interface of War and Peace in Peru

Citation:

Boesten, Jelke. 2010. “Analyzing Rape Regimes at the Interface of War and Peace in Peru.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 4 (1): 110–29. doi:10.1093/ijtj/ijp029.

Author: Jelke Boesten

Abstract:

Using the political conflict in Peru as a case study, the author argues that the thesis that rape is a weapon of war obscures other rape regimes during political conflict. These include rape as consumption, opportunistic rape, rape by neighbors or family members, forced prostitution and rape in the aftermath of war. Neglect of forms of sexual violence that do not fit the rape-as-a-weapon-of-war script seriously impedes the transformative potential of processes of transitional justice, as it allows for the continuation of (sexual) violence against women that perpetuates hierarchies based on gender, race and class.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Class, Gender, Justice, Transitional Justice, Race, Sexual Violence, SV against Women Regions: Americas, South America Countries: Peru

Year: 2010

Reparations for Sexual and Reproductive Violence: Prospects for Achieving Gender Justice in Guatemala and Peru

Citation:

Duggan, Colleen, Claudia Paz y Paz Bailey, and Julie Guillerot. 2008. “Reparations for Sexual and Reproductive Violence: Prospects for Achieving Gender Justice in Guatemala and Peru.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (2): 192–213. doi:10.1093/ijtj/ijn013.

Authors: Colleen Duggan, Claudia Paz y Paz Bailey, Julie Guillerot

Abstract:

Sexual and reproductive violence (SRV) perpetrated against women during war or under authoritarian regimes is one of the most severe manifestations of gender-based violence. The authors ask how governments in new or reforming democracies hope to repair SRV and how state programs for reparation might be conceptualized and delivered. By examining the cases of Guatemala and Peru, they explore the problematic of repairing damage caused by SRV and comment on prospects for redress to victims in each country.

Topics: Gender-Based Violence, Justice, Reparations, Post-Conflict, Sexual Violence Regions: Americas, Central America, South America Countries: Guatemala, Peru

Year: 2008

Eventually the Mine Will Come: Women Anti-Mining Activists’ Everyday Resilience in Opposing Resource Extraction in the Andes

Citation:

Jenkins, Katy, and Glevys Rondón. 2015. “‘Eventually the Mine Will Come’: Women Anti-Mining Activists’ Everyday Resilience in Opposing Resource Extraction in the Andes.” Gender & Development 23 (3): 415–31.

Authors: Katy Jenkins, Glevys Rondón

Abstract:

This article explores the experiences of women anti-mining activists in rural communities in Andean Peru and Ecuador. The article analyses women activists’ experience of negotiating conflicts with large-scale mining companies, as well as within their communities, using the concept of resilience to understand their continued commitment to this work in a context of conflict, intimidation, and violence. Women activists’ resilience is demonstrated in their determination to fight the arrival of mining, despite being among an increasingly small minority of their communities who continue to oppose the mining companies; their commitment to collective action and to occupying their lands; and their tenacity in campaigning against resource extraction while simultaneously recognising that ‘eventually the mine will come’.

Keywords: Gender, activism, extractive industries, Latin America, resilience

Topics: Extractive Industries, Gender, Women, Violence Regions: Americas, South America Countries: Ecuador, Peru

Year: 2015

Doing Vernacularization: The Encounter between Global and Local Ideas about Women’s Rights in Peru

Citation:

Levitt, Peggy, Sally Engle Merry, Rosa Alayza, and Mercedes Crisótomo Meza. 2013. “Doing Vernacularization: The Encounter between Global and Local Ideas about Women’s Rights in Peru.” In Feminist Strategies in International Governance. London: Routledge.

Authors: Peggy Levitt, Sally Engle Merry, Rosa Alayza, Mercedes Crisótomo Meza

Topics: Feminisms, Gender, Women, Gendered Discourses, Globalization, Rights, Human Rights, Women's Rights Regions: Americas, South America Countries: Peru

Year: 2013

Long-Term Effects of Civil Conflict on Women’s Health Outcomes in Peru

Citation:

Grimard, Franque, and Sonia Laszlo. 2014. “Long-Term Effects of Civil Conflict on Women’s Health Outcomes in Peru.” World Development 54 (February): 139–55. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.08.004.

Authors: Franque Grimard , Sonia Laszlo

Abstract:

Peru’s internal conflict resulted in over 69,000 deaths and disappearances from 1980 to 2000. We investigate the long-term health effects on women exposed to this conflict in utero and in early life. Utilizing recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) and district-level conflict data, we find that exposure in utero has long lasting impacts on a woman’s height (an indicator of long-term health), even controlling for life-cycle factors (education and wealth) and the availability of public health centers. We find no long-term effects on short term health (anemia and Body Mass Index (BMI)) or psychosocial indicators (domestic abuse).

Keywords: health, armed conflict, Peru, fetal organs, life-course models

Topics: Armed Conflict, Civil Wars, Gender, Women, Health, Reproductive Health, Violence Regions: Americas, South America Countries: Peru

Year: 2013

Sexual Violence During War and Peace: Gender, Power, and Post-Conflict Justice in Peru

Citation:

Boesten, Jelke. 2014. Sexual Violence During War and Peace: Gender, Power, and Post-Conflict Justice in Peru. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.

Author: Jelke Boesten

Abstract:

Using the Peruvian internal armed conflict as a case study, this book examines wartime rape and how it reproduces and reinforces existing hierarchies. Jelke Boesten argues that effective responses to sexual violence in wartime are conditional upon profound changes in legal frameworks and practices, institutions, and society at large. (Palgrave Macmillan)

Annotation:

Table of Contents: 
1. Introduction
 
2. Sexual Violence in War
 
3. Sexual Violence and the Reproduction of Inequalities 
 
4. Transitional Justice, Truths, and Narratives of Violence 
 
5. Impunity 
 
6. Peacetime Violence
 
7. Sexual Violence and Post-Conflict Justice

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Hierarchies, Gender Equality/Inequality, Justice, Impunity, Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict, Sexual Violence, Rape Regions: Americas, South America Countries: Peru

Year: 2014

Integrating Gender in Post-Conflict Security Sector Reform

Citation:

Bastick, Megan. 2008. ‘Integrating Gender in Post-Conflict Security Sector Reform’. In SIPRI Yearbook. DCAF. https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2008/04.

Author: Megan Bastick

Abstract:

The importance of security sector reform (SSR) has increasingly been empha- sized in international engagement with post-conflict countries. In February 2007 the United Nations Security Council stressed that ‘reforming the security sector in post-conflict environments is critical to the consolidation of peace and stability, promoting poverty reduction, rule of law and good governance, extending legitimate state authority, and preventing countries from relapsing into conflict’. National governments also identify SSR as a key tool in con- solidating their authority and healing divisions of the past. This chapter explores the case and methods for addressing gender issues in post-conflict SSR processes, drawing upon experiences in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Liberia, Peru, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Timor-Leste, and potential models from Serbia and South Africa. Section II further defines the concepts of SSR and gender, as well as their relationship to each other. The rationale for and experiences of gender mainstreaming in SSR and promoting the full and equal participation of men and women in SSR processes are discussed in section III, with practical examples from post-conflict settings. Section IV focuses on promoting women’s participation in post-conflict security services. Section V examines some challenges for key post-conflict SSR and SSR- related activities, including gender dimensions in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes, transitional justice and justice reform. Section VI summarizes the case for integrating gender into future SSR program- ming and policymaking and outlines the key opportunities and challenges. 

 

Keywords: Gender, security sector reform, post-conflict, gender mainstreaming

Annotation:

Security sector reform (SSR) is essential to post-conflict peacebuilding in order to prevent the reoccurrence of conflict, to enhance public security, and to create the conditions for reconstruction and development. The importance of women’s participation and gender equality in peacebuilding and security is recognized by many governments and United Nations and donor agencies. However, efforts to promote these goals are often planned and implemented independently of each other, with the result that SSR fails to include women and to address the security needs of the entire population—including women, girls and boys.

Post-conflict SSR processes have used various approaches to address gender issues.

  • In Afghanistan, Kosovo and Liberia SSR measures to recruit and
    retain women, and to make security institutions more responsive to
    gender issues presented challenges but also yielded positive results.
  • In Peru, Sierra Leone and Timor- Leste truth and reconciliation commissions included mechanisms to address the experiences and justice needs of women.
  • Rwandan women parliamentarians made distinctive contributions to SSR by uniting across party and ethnic lines to address issues of women’s security.
  • In Liberia and Sierra Leone disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes contributed to developing operational procedures to ensure that women and girls are not excluded, and that the needs of men and boys are also addressed.
  • In Liberia and South Africa women’s civil society organizations were important partners in linking SSR with local security and justice concerns.

Gender mainstreaming—assessing the impact of SSR policies andactivities on women, men, boys and girls at every stage of the process—is a key strategy. It must be accompanied by steps to ensure that both men and women participate and are represented in SSRprocesses.

Participation of women in post-conflict security services is crucial to creating structures that are representative, trusted and legitimate,and are able to meet the security needs of both men and women.

‘Transitional justice’ and justice reform processes have madeadvances in responding to gender issues. Ad hoc criminal tribunals have prioritized prosecution of sexual violence.

Successful integration of gender in SSR shares the broader challenges of SSR. External actors can encourage and support, but initiatives must be led by local stakeholders. SSR has much to gain byintegrating gender.

 

Megan Bastick (Australia/United Kingdom) is Deputy Head of the Special Programmes Division at the 

Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF).

Topics: Gender, Gender Mainstreaming, Governance, Post-Conflict Governance, Post-Conflict, Post-Conflict Reconstruction Regions: Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa, Americas, South America, Asia, South Asia, Europe, Balkans, Eastern Europe, Oceania Countries: Afghanistan, Kosovo, Liberia, Peru, Rwanda, Serbia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Timor-Leste

Year: 2008

The Search for Lasting Peace: Critical Perspectives on Gender-Responsive Human Security

Citation:

Boyd, Rosalind. 2016. The Search for Lasting Peace: Critical Perspectives on Gender-Responsive Human Security. New York, NY: Routledge.

 

Author: Rosalind Boyd

Annotation:

"Presenting the human security agenda as a policy response to the changing nature of violent conflicts and war, this collection traces its evolution in relation to conflicts in different contexts (Burma, India, Palestine, Canada, East Timor, Guatemala, Peru and African countries) and from the perspective of gender, addresses initiatives for peace with justice. Cases are analysed when the human security agenda, including UNSC resolution 1325, was in its initial phase and point to both the weakness of the concept and the unexpected direction it has taken. These discussions - always relevant - are more urgent than ever as gender-based violence against women has increased, resulting in new UNSC resolutions. Some chapters suggest that militarism and economic globalization must be directly confronted. Many of the contributors to the volume bridge the gap between academic research and activism as ’scholar-activists’ with an engaged connection to the situations they are describing. Human security remains an active component of policy and academic debates in security studies, women’s and gender studies, development studies, history and political economy as well as within NGO communities. This rich collection fills a needed gap in the literature and it does so in a language and style that is clear, accessible and reader-friendly." (Summary from Routledge)

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Gender Analysis, Gender-Based Violence, International Organizations, NGOs, Security, Human Security, UN Security Council Resolutions on WPS, UNSCR 1325 Regions: Africa, MENA, Americas, Central America, North America, South America, Asia, Middle East, South Asia Countries: Canada, Guatemala, India, Palestine / Occupied Palestinian Territories, Peru

Year: 2016

Domestic Violence Prevention through the Constructing Violence-Free Masculinities Programme: An Experience from Peru

Citation:

Mitchell, Rhoda. 2013. “Domestic Violence Prevention through the Constructing Violence-Free Masculinities Programme: An Experience from Peru.” Gender and Development 21 (1): 97-109

Author: Rhoda Mitchell

Abstract:

This paper examines work undertaken with male perpetrators of violence in the Construction of Violence-free Masculinities, a project run by the Centro Mujer Teresa de Jesus, a Women’s Centre located in a poor peri-urban district of Lima, Peru, in conjunction with Oxfam-Quebec. Centre staff faced the challenge of how to work with men who are violent towards their intimate partners. They use a community education approach, to challenge powerful stereotypes about gender roles, to question men’s assumed dominance over women, and support men to construct new forms of masculinity, without violence. Ultimately, the programme seeks to modify and change the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviours of men who are aggressors.

Keywords: masculinity, Intimate partner violence, domestic violence, men's groups

Topics: Armed Conflict, Civil Wars, Ethnic/Communal Wars, Domestic Violence, Education, Gender, Women, Men, Girls, Boys, Masculinity/ies, Gender Roles, Gender Analysis, Gender Balance, Gender-Based Violence, Gendered Power Relations, Patriarchy, Gender Hierarchies, Gender Equality/Inequality, Gender Equity, Masculinism, Households, NGOs, Nonviolence, Sexual Violence, Male Perpetrators, Rape, SV against Women, Sexuality, Violence Regions: Americas, Central America, South America Countries: Peru

Year: 2013

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