Development

Citation:

Sweetman, Caroline. 2013. “Introduction: Working with men on gender equality.” Gender and Development, 21 (1): 1-13. 

Author: Caroline Sweetman

Topics: Civil Society, Development, Domestic Violence, Gender, Women, Men, Girls, Boys, Masculinity/ies, Gender Roles, Gender Analysis, Gender Balance, Gender-Based Violence, Gendered Power Relations, Patriarchy, Gender Hierarchies, Gender Equality/Inequality, Gender Equity, Masculinism, Political Participation, Rights, Human Rights, Women's Rights, Sexual Violence, Male Perpetrators, Rape, SV against Women, Violence

Year: 2013

Citation:

Eastin, Joshua and Aseem Prakash. 2013. “Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve?” World Politics 65 (1): 156-86.

Authors: Joshua Eastin, Aseem Prakash

Topics: Civil Society, Class, Democracy / Democratization, Development, Economies, Economic Inequality, Education, Feminisms, Gender, Women, Men, Girls, Boys, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Patriarchy, Gender Hierarchies, Gender Equality/Inequality, Gender Equity, Globalization, Households, Livelihoods, Political Economies, Rights, Human Rights, Property Rights, Women's Rights Regions: Africa, MENA, Americas, Central America, Asia, Middle East, South Asia, Europe, Eastern Europe Countries: India, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka

Year: 2013

Citation:

Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria. 1997. “The Globalisation of Mining and Its Impact and Challenges for Women.” International Conference on Women and Mining, Baguio City, Philippines.

Author: Victoria Tauli-Corpuz

Abstract:

In the following paper, which was delivered at the conclusion of an International Conference on Women and Mining held in Baguio City, in January 1997, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz considers the impact of large-scale mining with particular focus on its impact on women. As the dominant players in large-scale mining are transnational corporations, and in view of the role played by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization in facilitating the expansion of such mining, she argues that the local struggle against mining has to become an integral part of the national and world struggle against globalisation itself.

Annotation:

Topics: Development, Extractive Industries, Gender, Women, Globalization, International Financial Institutions

Year: 1997

Citation:

Gibson, Ginger, and Deanna Kemp. 2008. “Corporate Engagement with Indigenous Women in the Minerals Industry: Making Space for Theory.” In Earth Matters: Indigenous Peoples, the Extractive Industries and Corporate Social Responsibility, edited by Ciaran O’Faircheallaigh and Saleem Ali, 104–22. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing Ltd.

Authors: Ginger Gibson, Deanna Kemp

Abstract:

This chapter focuses on corporate engagement of indigenous women in and around large-scale mining. It explores empirical data on this subject and relates this to several different theories. The chapter provides theory in two main ways: as a frame to help make sense of the world and as a predictive tool to understand what might happen sometime in the future. It reviews Marxist or class-based analysis, with Marxist-feminist theory as an outgrowth of this general approach, and cultural theory, with postmodern cultural theory as an outgrowth. Postmodern cultural theory reveals multiple levels of gendered exclusion. The chapter outlines how the minerals industry considers indigenous women at a policy level and provides some empirical findings about corporate engagement with indigenous women. Employment is an important avenue for indigenous people to gain benefits from mineral development. Some mining operations employ small numbers of indigenous women.

Topics: Development, Extractive Industries, Gender, Women, Indigenous, Multi-National Corporations, Rights, Indigenous Rights

Year: 2008

Citation:

Agarwal, Bina. 1989. “Rural Women, Poverty and Natural Resources: Sustenance, Sustainability and Struggle for Change.” Economic and Political Weekly 24 (43): WS46–65.

Author: Bina Agarwal

Abstract:

Women in poor rural households are burdened with a significant responsibility for family subsistence and are important, often the primary, and in many female-headed households the sole economic providers. However, their ability to fulfil this responsibility is significantly constrained by the limited (and declining) resources and means at their command - a constraint that stems not merely from their class position but also from gender. These gender inequities in access to resources take varying forms: intra-family differences in the distribution of basic necessities; women's systematically disadvantaged position in the labour market; their little access to the crucial means of production - land, and associated production technology; and the growing deterioration and privatisation of the country's common property resources on which the poor in general and women in particular, depend in substantial degree for sustenance. At the same time, the women are not always passive victims - many have reacted against their marginalisation and are today significant actors in grassroots initiatives for change. In particular, in response to a growing crisis of survival, poor peasant and tribal women have emerged in the forefront of many ecology initiatives. These initiatives, which have developed into movements in several areas, articulate a growing resistance to existing approaches to development, and call attention to the critical need for an alternative approach which is regenerative rather than destructive of nature - a necessary condition for its sustainability in the long run. Indeed, the perspectives and insights offered by such movements, and women as important participants in them, need to be an integral part of any attempt to chart out an alternative.

Topics: Class, Development, Economies, Economic Inequality, Environment, Extractive Industries, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Health, Households, Livelihoods, Rights, Land Rights, Women's Rights

Year: 1989

Citation:

Moyo, Theresa. 2011. “Extractive Industries and Women in Southern Africa.” BUWA! A Journal on African Women's Experiences. Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. Accessed July 29, 2015. http://www.osisa.org/buwa/regional/women-and-extractive-industries-southern-africa.

Author: Theresa Moyo

Annotation:

“The main objectives of this article are to assess the participation of women in mining in southern Africa and to assess the underlying factors which limit participation. It also examines the impact of mining activities on women. Finally, the paper explores strategies to improve women’s participation in ability and to benefit from, the sector, and to reduce the negative impact on their lives.

The paper raises a number of questions. What role are women playing in the sector? What factors have determined their participation or non-participation? What is the impact of mining activities on the lives of women? What policies and strategies are required in order to promote greater and more meaningful participation of women?” (Moyo, 2015, p. 61)

Topics: Development, Economies, Economic Inequality, Extractive Industries, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Patriarchy, Gender Equality/Inequality, Gender Equity, Health, Livelihoods Regions: Africa, Southern Africa

Year: 2011

Citation:

Hinton, Jennifer, Marcello M. Veiga, and Christian Beinhoff. 2003. “Women and Artisanal Mining: Gender Roles and the Road Ahead.” In The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries, edited by G Hilson and A Balkema. Netherlands: Swets Publishers.

Authors: Jennifer Hinton, Marcello M Veiga, Christian Beinhoff

Annotation:

“In many locales, women function in multiple capacities. For instance, a women working as a panner may also obtain income as a sex trade worker and a cook.” (Hinton et. all, 2003, p. 2).

This article takes care to compare the situations of female miners in Africa, Asia and South/Latin America. In terms of percentage of artisanal miners who are female: Asia < South/Latin America < Africa

“In Guinea, although women undertake the same labour as men, inequities in pay (men are paid four times more for the same quantity of gold) often leads to a “troc”, or trade of sex for additional money or gold (USAID, 2000)” (p. 8).

“Although the chemical dangers, in particular, those associated with mercury and cyanide misuse, first come to mind, most occupational hazards are a consequence of poor physical conditions, such as ground failure, shaft collapses and machinery accidents” (p. 9).

Because of their involvement with the processing aspect of mining, women are at greater risk of chemical dangers and side effects.

“Chronic exposure to moderate levels of methylmercury results in symptoms including: visual constriction; numbness of the extremities; impairment of hearing; impairment of speech; and impairment of gait. In cases of acute intoxication, muscular atrophy, seizures and mental disturbance are prominent. Women of childbearing age and their children are particularly susceptible  as methylmercury readily crosses placental barriers and is considered to be a developmental toxicant (Grandjean, 1999). Depending on the frequency and degree of exposure, effects can range from sterility, and spontaneous abortion, to mild to severe neurological symptoms” (p. 11).

Importance of land rights and access to land in controlling, and thus benefiting from, commodities on that land.

“In a detailed study of gender and technology (Evert, 1998), it was found that interventions did not benefit women when: the ‘improvements’ were not more convenient and accessible than traditional sources or activities (e.g. clean water wells), modifications were directed towards commercial uses (e.g. development of forests for resale when fodder needs were not being met), and technologies were generally inappropriate (e.g. ‘improved’ stoves that did not consider the cultural value” (p. 23).

PDF includes a slide show presentation entitled “Women and Artisanal and Small Scale Mining: A Review of Roles and Issues” given by the author at the University of British Columbia. 

Topics: Development, Economies, Economic Inequality, Poverty, Extractive Industries, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Governance, Health, Livelihoods, Rights, Land Rights, Women's Rights Regions: Africa, Americas, Central America, South America, Asia

Year: 2003

Citation:

Qureshi, Shazia, Safdar Abbas, Rabia Safdar, and Rubeena Zakar. 2013. “Gender Responsive Budgeting in Pakistan: Scope and Challenges.” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 50 (1): 1–25.

Authors: Shazia Qureshi, Rubeena Zakar, Rabia Safdar, Safdar Abbas

Abstract:

Women face discriminatory treatment in all spheres of life in Pakistan. Among other initiatives taken to reduce the gender gap between men and women, Gender Responsive Budgets could be of paramount importance. The present study is intended to delineate the concept of Gender Responsive Budgeting in a Pakistani context and to investigate the scope and challenges of the Gender Responsive Budgeting Initiative in Pakistan. A critical review of secondary data revealed that Gender Responsive Budgeting is able not only to identify gender gaps but also to reduce gender inequality through different policy interventions. Gender Responsive Budgeting is confronted with institutional and administrative challenges. It is enacted through different tools and it addresses and accounts for the needs, concerns and priorities of women. Effective implementation of Gender Responsive Budgeting could contribute substantially to achieving the goal of women’s empowerment and the overall development of a country.

Topics: Development, Gender, Gender Budgeting Regions: Asia, South Asia Countries: Pakistan

Year: 2013

Citation:

Nwoye, May. 2007. “Gender Responsive Entrepreneurial Economy of Nigeria: Enabling Women in a Disabling Environment.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 9 (1): 167-75.

Author: May Nwoye

Abstract:

Growth and development are among the most exciting subjects in economics, and the application of their principles to developing countries especially the African economies, is both needed and timely. In Nigeria, women have historically been disadvantaged in accessing not only material resources like property and credit, but also have been deprived of resources like education, market information and modern technology. All of these factors have negative implications for the type of enterprises that women are engaged in. This paper highlights the various economic constraints faced by women in Nigeria, as a result of limitations imposed on them by nature and culture; It calls for removal of gender-related obstacles in order to facilitate the creation of enterprises by women, as well as improving their general education, and entrepreneurial skills. The paper argues that gender imbalances in access to education and productive resources have important implications, not only for equity, but also for economic output, productivity, food security, fertility, and child welfare. It further recommends gender specific activities and affirmative action, whenever women are in a particularly disadvantageous position. The paper concludes that mainstreaming gender into budget and policy design will provide women access to support services they require to develop the necessary confidence, explore alternative business ideas and entrepreneurial strategies that will stimulate, not only the Nigerian economy, but the people’s way of life.

Keywords: Nigeria, Entrepreneurial Economy, women and economics

Topics: Development, Economies, Education, Gender, Gender Budgeting, Gender Mainstreaming, Security, Food Security Regions: Africa, West Africa Countries: Nigeria

Year: 2007

Citation:

Ekine, Sokari. 2008. “Women’s Responses to State Violence in the Niger Delta.” Feminist Africa 10: 67–83.

Author: Sokari Ekine

Abstract:

This paper will discuss the ways in which the women of the Niger Delta have responded to acts of violence by the Nigerian State and its allies, the multinational oil companies. I first briefly outline the background to the crises in the Niger Delta and then discuss the responses and resistance of the women.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Civil Wars, Civil Society, Corruption, Democracy / Democratization, Development, Economies, Economic Inequality, Poverty, Environment, Extractive Industries, Gender, Women, Femininity/ies, Gender-Based Violence, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Governance, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militaries, Militarism, Multi-National Corporations, Peacebuilding, Post-Conflict, Security, Human Security Regions: Africa, West Africa Countries: Nigeria

Year: 2008