Boys

Maternal and Child Health in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Citation:

Rahim, H. F. A., L. Wick, S. Halileh, S. Hassan-Bitar, H. Chekir, G. Watt, and M. Khawaja. 2009. “Maternal and Child Health in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.” Lancet 373 (9667): 967–77.

Authors: H. F. A. Rahim, L. Wick, S. Halileh, S. Hassan-Bitar, H. Chekir, G. Watt, M. Khawaja

Abstract:

The Countdown to 2015 intervention coverage indicators in the occupied Palestinian territory are similar to those of other Arab countries, although there are gaps in continuity and quality of services across the continuum of the perinatal period. Since the mid 1990s, however, access to maternity facilities has become increasingly unpredictable. Mortality rates for infants (age ≤1 year) and children younger than 5 years have changed little, and the prevalence of stunting in children has increased. Living conditions have worsened since 2006, when the elected Palestinian administration became politically and economically boycotted, resulting in unprecedented levels of Palestinian unemployment, poverty, and internal conflict, and increased restrictions to health-care access. Although a political solution is imperative for poverty alleviation, sustainable development, and the universal right to health care, women and children should not have to wait. Urgent action from international and local decision makers is needed for sustainable access to high-quality care and basic health entitlements.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Displacement & Migration, Economies, Poverty, Gender, Women, Girls, Boys, Health, Reproductive Health Regions: MENA, Asia, Middle East Countries: Palestine / Occupied Palestinian Territories

Year: 2009

Rising Gender Inequality in Vietnam Since Reunification

Citation:

Goodkind, Daniel. 1995. “Rising Gender Inequality in Vietnam Since Reunification.” Pacific Affairs 68 (3): 342–59. doi:10.2307/2761129.

Author: Daniel Goodkind

Abstract:

This paper documents increases in gender inequality in Vietnam since reunification of the country in 1975. That contention is based upon an analysis of census and other survey data, a review of secondary source materials, and fieldwork. The rise in inequality has entailed the following: declines in relative survival probabilities for female children, worsened marriage prospects, greater occupational segregation, and increased female representation among the elderly and impoverished. At least four factors have contributed to these changes. The first is that wartime mobilization before 1975 had artificially inflated women's social position to an unsustainably high level. The second concerns the demographic outcome of the war of reunification which resulted in a relative surplus of women. The third is the free market reforms of the 1980s which signaled a diminished governmental commitment to social equity and contributed to a re-emergence of patriarchal Confucian patterns. The fourth is a set of other policy measures and historical circumstances which have enhanced preferences for bearing sons. The paper also assesses contrary and ambiguous evidence, such as the absence of a large gender gap in education, and suggests the possibility of future improvements in gender equality.

Topics: Economies, Gender, Women, Girls, Boys, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, Gender Equity, Governance, Post-Conflict Regions: Asia, Southeast Asia Countries: Vietnam

Year: 1995

Writing Women Out, Folding Gender in: The European Union ‘Modernises’ Social Policy

Citation:

Jenson, Jane. 2008. “Writing Women Out, Folding Gender in: The European Union ‘Modernises’ Social Policy.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society 15 (2): 131-53.

Author: Jane Jenson

Abstract:

Over the last fifteen years, most of the countries with liberal and social democratic welfare regimes have redesigned their social policy. This trajectory can be labeled the LEGO policy paradigm. In it, the definition of the best policy mix often targets children and youth and redeploys policy instruments to achieve goals for the future. There is a growing commitment by the European Union to this supply-side understanding of social policy. Thus, while the machinery of gender mainstreaming and equality remains in place, nonetheless, two mechanisms are at one work in the social policy field: one of writing women out of the plot and folding gender into other stories.

Topics: Age, Youth, Gender, Women, Girls, Boys, Gender Mainstreaming, Gendered Power Relations, Gender Equality/Inequality, International Organizations Regions: Europe

Year: 2008

Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection

Citation:

Wessells, Michael G. 2006. Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Author: Michael G. Wessells

Abstract:

Examines the plight of child soldiers who are used by government forces and other military groups around the world as combatants, spies, porters, human land-mine detectors, and sexual slaves; analyzes the lives of these boys and girls within armed groups; discusses the impacts of these experiences on their lives; and considers the issues of reintegration into normal society, and how to prevent the problem(WorldCat)

Topics: Armed Conflict, Combatants, Child Soldiers, DDR, Gender, Girls, Boys, Health, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Sexual Violence, Sexual Slavery

Year: 2006

War and Children: A Reference Handbook

Citation:

Dupuy, Kendra E., and Krijn Peters. 2010. War and Children: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Authors: Kendra E. Dupuy, Krijn Peters

Abstract:

A comprehensive, up-to-date presentation of how children and young people are affected by and respond to situations of armed conflict and postwar reconstruction. (WorldCat)

Topics: Armed Conflict, Combatants, Child Soldiers, Gender, Girls, Boys, Post-Conflict, Post-Conflict Reconstruction

Year: 2010

HIV and Conflict in Nepal: Relation and Strategy for Response

Citation:

Karkee, Rajendra, and DB Shrestha. 2006. “HIV and Conflict in Nepal: Relation and Strategy for Response.” Kathmandu University Medical Journal 4 (3): 363–67.

Authors: Rajendra Karkee, DB Shrestha

Abstract:

Conflict and displacement make affected population more vulnerable to HIV infection. Refugees and internally displaced persons, in particular women and children, are at increased risk of exposure to HIV. In Nepal, there is considerable increase in the number of HIV infection since 1996 when conflict started. Along with poverty, stigma and lack of awareness, conflict related displacement, economic migration, and closure of HIV programmes have exacerbated the HIV situation in Nepal. Government has established “National AIDS Council” and launched HIV/AIDS Strategy. The strategy has not included the specific needs of displaced persons. While launching an HIV prevention programme in the conflict situation, the guidelines developed by Inter Agency Standing Committee (IASS) are important tools. This led to suggestion of an approach with implementations steps in the case of Nepal in this report.

Keywords: HIV, conflict, Nepal, Response

Topics: Armed Conflict, Displacement & Migration, Migration, IDPs, Refugees, Economies, Poverty, Gender, Women, Girls, Boys, Governance, Health, HIV/AIDS Regions: Asia, South Asia Countries: Nepal

Year: 2006

‘Women and Children First’: Gender, Norms, and Humanitarian Evacuation in the Balkans 1991-95

Citation:

Carpenter, R. Charli. 2003. “‘Women and Children First’: Gender, Norms, and Humanitarian Evacuation in the Balkans 1991-95.” International Organization 57 (4): 661–94.

Author: R. Charli Carpenter

Abstract:

Of all noncombatants in the former Yugoslavia, adult civilian men were most likely to be massacred by enemy forces. Why, therefore, did international agencies mandated with the "protection of civilians" evacuate women and children, but not military-age men, from besieged areas? This article reviews the operational dilemmas faced by protection workers in the former Yugoslavia when negotiating access to civilian populations. [Carpenter] argue[s] that a social constructivist approach incorporating gender analysis is required to explain both the civilian protection community's discourse and its operational behavior. First, gender beliefs constitute the discursive strategies on which civilian protection advocacy is based. Second, gender norms operate in practice to constrain the options available to protection workers in assisting civilians. These two causal pathways converged in the former Yugoslavia to produce effects disastrous to civilians, particularly adult men and male adolescents.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Ethnic/Communal Wars, Gender, Men, Boys, Humanitarian Assistance, Context-Appropriate Response to Trauma, International Organizations Regions: Europe, Balkans

Year: 2003

Making Peace: Preventing and Responding to Sexual Exploitation by United Nations Peacekeepers

Citation:

Spencer, Sarah W. 2005. “Making Peace: Preventing and Responding to Sexual Exploitation by United Nations Peacekeepers.” Journal of Public and International Affairs 16: 166–79.

Author: Sarah W. Spencer

Topics: Gender, Women, Girls, Boys, International Organizations, Peacekeeping, Sexual Violence, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Regions: Africa

Year: 2005

Child Soldiers

Citation:

DCAF. 2006. "Child Soldiers." DCAF Backgrounder Series Working Paper, the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva. 

Author: DCAF

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Girls, Boys, Military Forces & Armed Groups

Year: 2006

The Creation of Job/Work Opportunities and Income Generating Activities for Youth in Post-Conflict Countries

Citation:

Chigunta, Francis. 2006. “The Creation of Job/Work Opportunities and Income Generating Activities for Youth in Post-Conflict Countries.” Paper presented at the Expert Group Meeting on Youth in Africa: Participation of Youth as Partners in Peace and Development in Post-Conflict Countries, Windhoek, November 14-16.

Author: Francis Chigunta

Topics: Age, Youth, Economies, Gender, Girls, Boys, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Rights

Year: 2006

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