Armed Conflict

Ethnic Conflict, Group Polarization, and Gender Attitudes in Croatia

Citation:

Kunovich, Robert M., and Catherine Deitelbaum. 2004. “Ethnic Conflict, Group Polarization, and Gender Attitudes in Croatia.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66 (5): 1089-107.

Authors: Robert M. Kunovich, Catherine Deitelbaum

Abstract:

We examine the sources of traditional gender attitudes during a period of social conflict and change. Using survey data from Croatia (Center for the Investigation of Transition and Civil Society, 1996; N = 2,030) we explore the relationships between war-related experiences, in-group and out-group polarization, and two dimensions of gender attitudes: policy attitudes (e.g., attitudes toward divorce and abortion) and gendered family roles (e.g., attitudes toward the division of household labor). We argue that ethnic conflict promotes in-group polarization (i.e., attachment to the Croatian nation) and out-group polarization (i.e., distrust of "others"), which lead to a resurgence of traditional values, including traditional gender attitudes. We also examine the effects of childhood socialization, individual resources, and interpersonal familial ties on gender attitudes. Results support the conflict-group polarization model and indicate that out-group polarization has the most powerful effect on both gendered family role attitudes and policy attitudes for men and women. In-group polarization does not affect gender attitudes, however.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Ethnic/Communal Wars, Gender, Women, Gender Roles, Households Regions: Europe, Balkans, Eastern Europe Countries: Croatia

Year: 2004

Rape in War and Peace: Some Thoughts on Social Context and Gender Roles

Citation:

Sideris, Tina. 2000. “Rape in War and Peace: Some Thoughts on Social Context and Gender Roles.” Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 16 (43): 41–5. doi:10.1080/10130950.2000.9675810.

Author: Tina Sideris

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Gender Roles, Gendered Power Relations, Sexual Violence, Rape

Year: 2000

The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War

Citation:

Hicks, George L. 1997. The Comfort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Author: George L. Hicks

Abstract:

Over 100,000 women across Asia were victims of enforced prostitution by the Japanese Imperial Forces during World War II. Until as recently as 1993 the Japanese government continued to deny this shameful aspect of its wartime history. George Hicks's book is the only history in English regarding this terrible enslavement of women.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Women, Gender-Based Violence, Sexual Violence, Rape, Trafficking, Sex Trafficking Regions: Asia, East Asia Countries: Japan

Year: 1997

Child Soldiers

Citation:

DCAF. 2006. "Child Soldiers." DCAF Backgrounder Series Working Paper, the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva. 

Author: DCAF

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Girls, Boys, Military Forces & Armed Groups

Year: 2006

Conflicts, Gender-Based Violence and the Ramifications for HIV and AIDS

Citation:

Omarjee, Nadira. 2008. “Conflicts, Gender-Based Violence and the Ramifications for HIV and AIDS.” South African Review of Sociology 39 (1): 51-64.

Author: Nadira Omarjee

Abstract:

This article attempts to contextualise gender-based violence in relation to conflicts with special mention to conflicts on the African continent. Gender-based violence is framed within the oedipal complex of the dominance and submission model whereby dominance is asserted through violence. This model is also used to frame the context of conflicts as a masculine construction. Furthermore, the article highlights the causes and consequences of gender-based violence with regard to responses for psychosocial and medical treatment in the restoration and rehabilitation of post-conflict societies. Gender-based violence in the context of conflicts has serious ramifications for HIV and AIDS. Incubation periods for the HI virus are decreased when it is coupled together with psychosocial trauma and malnutrition. Therefore, gender-based violence and HIV and AIDS have serious implications in the context of conflicts due to adequate responses in the absence of rule of law and infrastructure to mete out treatment.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Women, Masculinity/ies, Gender-Based Violence, Health, HIV/AIDS Regions: Africa

Year: 2008

Military Rape

Citation:

Littlewood, Roland. 1997. “Military Rape.” Anthropology Today 13 (2): 7-16.

Author: Roland Littlewood

Topics: Armed Conflict, Combatants, Male Combatants, Gender, Gendered Power Relations, Masculinism, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militaries, Militarism, Paramilitaries, Sexual Violence, Rape, Sexuality

Year: 1997

Women, War, Peace-Building and Reconstruction

Citation:

Onyejekwe, Chineze J. 2005. “Women, War, Peace-Building and Reconstruction." International Social Science Journal 57, no. 184, 277–83.

Author: Chineze J. Onyejekwe

Abstract:

Gender-based violence, especially sexual violence, has become a weapon of warfare and one of the defining characteristics of contemporary armed conflict. This paper focuses on women's protection in armed conflict and their centrality to conflict resolution and peace building. The experiences of women and girls in war and conflict situations are described. Constraints women face in participating in post-conflict peace building are also analysed. The role of the United Nations in engendering peace through Security Council Resolution 1325 is analyzed as well.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Women, Girls, Gender-Based Violence, International Organizations, Peacebuilding, Peace Processes, Post-Conflict, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, UN Security Council Resolutions on WPS, UNSCR 1325, Sexual Violence

Year: 2005

Sexual Violence in Times of War: A New Challenge for Peace Operations?

Citation:

Skjelsbæk, Inger. 2001. “Sexual Violence in Times of War: A New Challenge for Peace Operations?” International Peacekeeping 8 (2): 69–84. doi:10.1080/13533310108413896.

Author: Inger Skjelsbæk

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Peacebuilding, Peace Processes, Post-Conflict, Sexual Violence

Year: 2001

Sexual Terrorism: Rape as a Weapon of War in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Citation:

Pratt, Marion, and Leah Werchick. 2004. Sexual Terrorism: Rape as a Weapon of War in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: An Assessment of Programmatic Responses to Sexual Violence in North Kivu, South Kivu, Maniema, and Orientale Provinces. Washington DC: United States Agency for International Development, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance.

Authors: Marion Pratt, Leah Werchick

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, Gender-Based Violence, International Law, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Sexual Violence, Rape

Year: 2004

Women's Access to Politics and Peaceful States

Citation:

Regan, Patrick, and Aida Pakeviciute. 2003. “Women's Access to Politics and Peaceful States.” Journal of Peace Research 40 (3): 287-302.

Authors: Patrick Regan, Aida Pakeviciute

Abstract:

We examine the relationship between women in society and the use of force by the state in the international arena. Our arguments build on a conception of power relationships found in gender studies and feminist theories, and focus on how the internal distribution of political power at a societal level (as opposed to a state level) will influence the willingness of the ruling elite to engage in militarized interstate disputes and war. That is, we explore the extent to which fertility rates directly and indirectly – through women’s employment and political office – are associated with the use of force by a state. We draw on public opinion literature which shows that women’s attitude toward the use of force differs from those of men to argue that the more women who have access to the political process the more constrained will be the state in its use of force. The results of our analysis demonstrate that at the dyadic level, contiguous pairs of countries with low birth rates are less likely to go to war, while, more generally, the lower the birth rates the less likely is a country to become engaged in the more violent of militarized disputes. Our results suggest that policies to promote family planning might be one effective form of managing the amount of interstate violence.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Feminisms, Gender, Women, Gendered Power Relations, Political Participation, Violence

Year: 2003

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