Europe

Citation:

Chinkin, Christine. 1994. “Symposium: The Yugoslav Crisis: New International Law Issues: Rape and Sexual Abuse of Women in International Law.” European Journal of International Law 5: 326–41.

Author: Christine Chinkin

Topics: Gender, Women, International Law, Sexual Violence, Rape, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, SV against Women Regions: Europe, Balkans Countries: Yugoslavia (former)

Year: 1994

Citation:

Guidry, John A., and Mark Q. Sawyer. 2003. “Contentious Pluralism: The Public Sphere and Democracy.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (2): 273–89.

Authors: John A. Guidry, Mark Q. Sawyer

Abstract:

What do peasants in eighteenth-century England, African Americans in Reconstruction-era Virginia, mothers in Nicaragua and Argentina, and contemporary transnational activists have to do with one another? They all illustrate instances where marginalized groups challenge a lack of democracy or the limitations of existing democracy. Democracy is both a process and a product of struggles against power. Both the social capital literature and literature that focuses on democracy as a product of institutions can undervalue the actions of regular people who imagine a democratic world beyond anything that actually exists. The four cases examined in this article demonstrate that marginalized groups use a variety of performative and subversive methods to uproot the public sphere from its exclusionary history as they imagine, on their own terms, democratic possibilities that did not previously exist. In so doing, they plant the seeds of a more egalitarian public politics in new times and places. This process is "contentious pluralism," and we ask political scientists in all subfields to look to popular movements and changing political structures as they explore the promise of democracy and to rethink the gap between democracy as an ideal and the ways in which people actually experience it.

Topics: Governance, Political Participation Regions: Americas, Central America, North America, South America, Europe, Northern Europe Countries: Argentina, Nicaragua, United Kingdom, United States of America

Year: 2003

Citation:

Erjavec, Karmen, and Zala Volcic. 2010. “Living With the Sins of Their Fathers: An Analysis of Self-Representation of Adolescents Born of War Rape.” Journal of Adolescent Research 25 (3): 359–86. doi:10.1177/0743558410361373.

Authors: Karmen Erjavec, Zala Volcic

Abstract:

Children born of war rape continue to be a taboo theme in many post-war societies, also in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH). This study is based on in- depth interviews with eleven adolescents born of war rape in BH.The main goal is to present how these adolescents represent themselves and their life- situations. On the basis of the research we identify four key themes: 1) their continued sense of hostility even after the end of the war; 2) the internalized guilt; 3) the role reversal; and 4) the role of reconciling the war enemies. The analysis of life-stories shows new identifications of traumatic events and trauma. More than half of the interviewed girls suffer severe psychological and physical abuses.The research argues that there are three crucial factors influencing girls' self-perception: the role of the mothers, mothers' economic situation and general social exclusion.

Keywords: ethnic issues, identity issues, self-image, violence

Topics: Gender, Girls, Boys, Health, Trauma, Post-Conflict, Sexual Violence, Rape, Violence Regions: Europe, Balkans, Eastern Europe Countries: Bosnia & Herzegovina

Year: 2010

Citation:

Irvine, Jill. 2010. “The Double Boomerang Effect: Women’s Organizations and the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the Balkans.” Paper presented at the ISA Annual Conference, New Orleans, February 17-20.

Author: Jill Irvine

Topics: Democracy / Democratization, Gender, Women, Peace Processes, Post-Conflict, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Rights, Women's Rights, UN Security Council Resolutions on WPS, UNSCR 1325 Regions: Europe, Balkans

Year: 2010

Citation:

Cusack, Tricia. 2000. “Janus and Gender: Women and the Nation’s Backward Look.” Nations and Nationalism 6 (4): 541–61.

Author: Tricia Cusack

Abstract:

This article considers how nations are imagined and  characterised in relation to the national roles allocated to women, with particular reference to the early Irish state. It examines two related dichotomies, that between ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ nationalisms, and the concept of the nation itself as ‘Janus-faced’, simultaneously looking ahead to the future and back to the past. It has been suggested that  women bore the burden of the nation's ‘backward look’ towards a putative traditional rural past and an organic community, while men appropriated the nation's present and future. This thesis is examined with reference to Ireland and the representation of women in visual imagery and travel writing.

Topics: Ethnicity, Gender, Gender Roles, Nationalism Regions: Europe, Western Europe Countries: Ireland

Year: 2000

Citation:

Krasniqi, Vjollca. 2007. “Imagery, Gender and Power: The Politics of Representation in Post-War Kosovo.” Feminist Review 86 (1): 1–23.

Author: Vjollca Krasniqi

Abstract:

The article focuses on the politics of representation in Kosova since the United Nations took over 'peace management' in 1999. It uses UN propaganda posters (political pedagogy) and local nationalist political advertising as a way to read the multiple gendered discourses of representation. It shows how gender is used relationally between competing forces-the 'international community' and nationalists-as a tool to ensure UN's imposition of Western policies and norms and as a mechanism for local politicians to consolidate their domination of the domestic/private sphere. Moreover, it discusses the price paid to mimic the West: how Kosovar politicians have sought to 'undo' national identity in favour of a Western self-representation through a gendered abnegation of Islam. Thus, as an intrinsic part of the discourse of 'peace-building', these images represent the site of power production, domination, negotiation, and rejection, involving the collaboration of different actors, institutions, and individuals. Three specific points will be made: first, the article seeks to show that a Western political modernization discourse has, paradoxically, reinforced patriarchal relations of power and traditional gender roles in Kosova through the subjugation of women. Second, it explains the inability to resolve competing Albanian narratives — one relying on the legacy of peaceful resistance and the other on the armed struggle against Serbian domination during the 1990s. Third, through the intermeshing of international peace-keepers and local nationalist patriarchs, it will show how the militarization of culture is perpetuated through, and in relationship togender.

Keywords: Kosova, Gender, peacekeeping, images, representations, patriarchies

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender, International Organizations, Peacebuilding, Post-Conflict Reconstruction Regions: Europe, Baltic states, Balkans, Eastern Europe Countries: Albania, Kosovo

Year: 2007

Citation:

Odanović, Gorana. 2010. “Participation of Women in UN Peacekeeping Operations.” Western Balkans Security Observer 5 (16): 70–79.

Author: Gorana Odanović

Abstract:

Participation of women in the UN peacekeeping operations, as one of necessary preconditions for their effective and successful implementation, has become more widely accepted only during the past ten years. Although women’s contribution in the peacekeeping operations is multifaceted (the level of security among the local women increases, the trust of the local community in the mission grows, the contact with the female population is easier to establish, etc.), the percentage of women who participate in these operations is at the low level, especially when it comes to police and military troops. The greatest obstacles to higher involvement of women in peacekeeping operations are in the fact that there are very few women in police and military units in the states which participate in the UN peacekeeping operations, but also in gender discrimination based on prejudice and stereotypes that women do not have required psychological and physical abilities to perform successfully in the peacekeeping operations. These are, at the same time, the reasons why so few women are involved in the UN peacekeeping operations in which the Serbian police and military units are participating.

Topics: Gender, Women, International Organizations, Peacekeeping Regions: Europe, Balkans, Eastern Europe Countries: Serbia

Year: 2010

Citation:

Vandenberg, Martina, and Kelly Askin. 2001. “Chechnya: Another Battleground for the Perpetration of Gender Based Crimes.” Human Rights Review 2 (3): 140–9.

Authors: Martina Vandenberg, Kelly Askin

Topics: Gender, Gender-Based Violence, Justice, Rights, Human Rights, Sexual Violence, Rape Regions: Asia, Europe Countries: Russian Federation

Year: 2001

Citation:

Quénivet, Noëlle. 2005. Sexual Offenses in Armed Conflict & International Law. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

Author: Noëlle Quénivet

Abstract:

In Sexual Offenses in Armed Conflict & International Law, Noelle Quenivet looks to compare feminist writing with the current state of international law, regarding sexual offenses during times of conflict. She presents results of extensive research into the field's burgeoning literature to present her arguments. She furthers her arguments by examining International Criminal Tribunals for the atrocities committed in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.

Topics: Armed Conflict, Gender-Based Violence, International Law, International Criminal Law, Justice, International Tribunals & Special Courts, Sexual Violence Regions: Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Europe, Balkans Countries: Rwanda, Yugoslavia (former)

Year: 2005

Citation:

Ryan, Louise. 1999. "'Furies' and 'Die-hards': Women and Irish Republicanism in the Early Twentieth Century." Gender and History 11 (2): 256-75. 

Author: Louise Ryan

Annotation:

Topics: Armed Conflict, Coloniality/Post-Coloniality, Combatants, Female Combatants, Gender, Women, Masculinity/ies, Gender Roles, Military Forces & Armed Groups, Militarism, Nationalism, Political Participation Regions: Europe, Western Europe Countries: Ireland

Year: 1999